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Source-filter theory
change size and shape of cavities by manipulating articulators
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Resonant frequency
frequency to which a cavity most readily responds
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How does size affect frequency?
- bigger volume of air- lower frequency
- smaller volume of air- higher frequency
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Vowels
voicing (vocal fold vibration) is source (he, who)
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Consonants
turbulence is source (see, she)
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Source
vibration of vocal folds generates sound waves
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Filter
the "tubes" of the vocal tract (pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity)
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Which articulators are mobile?
- tongue
- mandible
- hyoid bone
- larynx
- lips
- velum
- fauces and pharynx
- cheeks
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Which articulators are immobile?
- hard palate
- alveolar ridge
- teeth
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What four cavities are involved in articulation and resonation?
- oral
- buccal
- nasal
- pharyngeal
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Oral cavity
- undergoes most change during speech
- mouth- anterior
- faucial pillars- posterior
- hard palate, soft palate, uvula
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Buccal cavity
space between teeth and cheeks
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Nasal cavity
- nostrils to nasal choanae (apertures)
- floor is hard palate
- other posterior landmarks (pharyngeal tonsils, orifice of Eustachian tube)
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Pharyngeal cavity
- nasopharynx (above soft palate, nasal coanae to occipital bone)
- oropharynx (velum to hyoid)
- laryngopharynx (hyoid to esophagus)
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What are the bones of the face and skull?
- mandible
- maxillae
- nasal bone
- palatine bone and nasal conchae (turbinates)
- vomer
- zygomatic bone
- lacrimal bone
- hyoid bone
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Maxillae
- paired (maxilla)
- forms most of hard palate
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Nasal bones
- paired
- small
- form top of nose
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Palatine bones
- paired
- from front, see "upside-down heart" shape of nasal cavity
- horizontal plates form posterior 1/4 of hard palate
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Nasal conchae
- also called turbinates
- small, scroll-shaped (like turbines)
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Vomer
- forms inferior and posterior part of nasal septum
- shaped like a plowshare with its point forward
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Zygomatic bones
- paired
- cheekbones
- landmarks: maxillary process, temporal process, frontal process
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Lacrimal bones
- paired
- small
- anterior portion of medial wall of eye socket
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What are teh 6 cranial bones?
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- frontal
- parietal
- occiptal
- temporal
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Ethmoid
- "core" of skull
- unpaired
- mid-sagittal
- helps connect cranial and facial skeletons
- landmarks: perpendicular plate, orbital plates, middle and superior nasal conchae
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Sphenoid
- unpaired
- "bat-wing" shape
- landmarks (pairs of processes): greater wings, lesser wings, medial and lateral pterygoid plates
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Temporal
- ear is located here
- landmarks: external auditory meatus (within tympanic portion), zygomatic process, madibular fossa (glenoid), mastoid process, styloid process
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Name and number of each type of tooth
- incisors- 8
- cuspids- 4
- bicuspids- 8
- molars- 12
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Medial
closest to midline
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Distal
furthest from midline
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Occlusal
contact surface between upper and lower arches
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What is the order of dental development?
- deciduous (or shedding or milk) teeth
- replaced by permanent (successional) teeth
- eruption through the bone and the gum begins 6-9 months of age:
- central incisors emerge first (lower, then upper), followed later incisors (upper, then lower)
- cuspids, 1st molars emerge at the same time (15-20 months)
- 2nd molars will have erupted by 2 years
- 3rd molars in adulthood
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What age(s) does the shedding of the deciduous teeth occur?
- incisors (6-9 years)
- cuspids and 1st molars (9-12 years)
- 2nd molars (around 10 years)
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Occlusion
process of bringing upper and lower teeth together
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Class I malocclusion
1st mandibular molar is one-half tooth advanced of maxillary molar
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Class II malocclusion
protusion of upper arch
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Class III malocclusion
protusion of lower arch
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Risorius
- facial muscle
- retracts corners of mouth aiding smiling and grinning
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Buccinator
- facial muscle
- retracts lips corners (pulls back the angle of the mouth which aids smiling)
- tightens cheeks (important for mastication)- aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing
- helps with embouchure (the mouthpiece of a wind instrument) for wind instruments
- also aids whistling
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Levator labii superioris
- facial muscle
- elevates upper lip
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Zygomatic minor
- facial muscle
- elevates upper lip
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Levator labii alaque nasi superioris
- facial muscle
- elevates upper lip
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Zygomatic major
- facial muscle
- elevates and retracts angle of mouth
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Depressor labii inferioris
- facial muscle
- pulls lower lip down and out to bare lower teeth
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Levator anguli oris
- facial muscle
- pulls corners of mouth up and medially
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Depressor anguli oris
- facial muscle
- depresses lip corners, compresses upper lip against lower lip (frown)
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Mentalis
- facial muscle
- protrudes lower lip
- eleates and wrinkles chin and pulls lower lip out, as in pouting
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Orbiuclaris oris
- facial muscle
- acts as a "drawstring" to pull the lips closer together and effect a labial seal
- controls most movements of the lips such as lip compression, closure, or protusion, elevation, retraction, depression
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Platysma
- facial muscle
- depresses mandible
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Genioglossus
- tongue muscle
- extrinsic
- can retract, protrude, depress tongue
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Vertical
- tongue muscle
- intrinsic
- pulls tongue down into the floor of the mouth
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Transverse
- tongue muscle
- intrinsic
- narrow tongue (pulls the edges of tongue toward the midline)
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Hyoglossus
- tongue muscle
- extrinsic
- pulls sides of tongue down
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Superior longitudinal
- tongue muscle
- intrinsic
- helps to elevate tip of tongue
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Inferior longitudinal
- tongue muscle
- intrinsic
- pulls tip of the tongue downward (also, assists in the retraction of the tongue if co-contracted with the superior longitudinal)
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Styloglossus
- tongue muscle
- extrinsic
- pulls tongue back and up
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Masseter
- mandibular muscle
- runs from zygomati arch to ramus of mandible
- innervation: V trigeminal
- elevates mandible
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Temporalis
- mandibular muscle
- originates in broad area of temporal and parietal bones
- coverges to insert on coronoid process and ramus of mandible
- innervation: V trigeminal
- elevates and retracts
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Medial pterygoid
- mandibular muscle
- originates medial pterygoid plate of spenoid
- inserts on ramus of mandible
- innervation: V trigeminal
- elevates mandible
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Lateral pterygoid
- mandibular muscle
- originates later pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid
- inserts on lower part of condylar process
- innervation: V trigeminal
- protrudes mandible
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Digastricus
- mandibular muscle
- anterior originates on inner surface of mandible, posterior originates on mastoid process of temporal bone; both insert on hyoid
- innervation: V trigeminal; VII facial
- depresses mandible
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Mylohyoid
- mandibular muscle
- mandible to hyoid
- innervation: V trigeminal
- depress mandible
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Geniohyoid
- mandibular muscle
- mandible to hyoid
- innervation: XII hypoglossal
- depress mandible
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Which mandibular muscles are elevators?
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
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Tensor veli palatine
- velar muscle
- main role is to dilate Eustachian tube (dilates or opens the Eustachian tube, thereby permitting exchange of air of the middle ear cavity
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Levator palatine
- velar muscle
- primary elevator of soft palate (elevates and retracts the posterior velum and makes up the bulk of the velum)
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Palatoglossus
- velar muscle
- actively depresses soft palate (relaxed state is depression, but can be depressed further)
- dual purpose: elevates tongue or depresses velum
- forms anterior faucial pillar (posterior of oral cavity)
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Palatopharygeus
- velar muscle
- assisting in narrowing pharyngeal cavity and lowers velum
- forms posterior faucial pillar
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Superior pharyngeal constrictors
- pharyngeal muscle
- wrap around pharynx
- originates at same point as buccinator
- courses back and around to insert at the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall
- forms the sides and back wall of the nasopharynx
- and part of the back wall of oropharynx
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Middle pharyngeal constrictor
- pharyngeal muscle
- originates on hyoid cornu and sylohyoid ligament
- narrows the diameter of the pharynx
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Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- pharyngeal muscle
- makes up the inferior pharynx, reduces the diameter of the lower pharynx
- consists of cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus
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Cricopharyngeus
- part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- originates on cricoid cartilage
- *all constrictors innercated by XI accessory and X vagus
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Thyropharyngeus
- part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- originates on thyroid laminae (oblique line)
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Salpingopharyngeus
- pharyngeal muscle
- runs from Eustachian tube to converge with palatopharyngeus muscle
- assists to elevate pharyngeal wall
- X vagus and XI spinal accessory
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Stylopharyngeus
- pharyngeal muscle
- originates on styloid process of temporal bone
- inserts on constrictor muscles and thyroid cartilage
- elevates and opens pharynx
- IX glossopharyngeal
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What are the four main articulators?
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Mandible
movement is important for speech (assists the lips; changes its position for tongue movement; and tightly closes when necessary by carrying the lips, tongue, and teeth to their targets in maxilla- lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, and hard palate)
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Elevate tip
- tonuge movement
- /t/, /d/
- superior longitudinal muscles
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Relax lateral margins
- tongue movement
- /l/
- genioglossus + sup. longitudinal + transverse
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Retract
- tongue movement
- /o/
- genioglossus + sup. and inf. longitudinal (+styloglossus for swallowing)
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Protrusion
- tongue movement
- "th"
- genioglossus + vertical + sup. and inf. longitudinal
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Elevate posterior
- tongue movement
- /g/, /k/
- palatoglossus + transverse
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Depress body
- tongue movement
- /ash/
- genioglossus (+hyoglossus and condroglossus)
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Development of articulatory ability
- the motor system is governed by reflexes in early development
- we then gain cortical control over motor patterns
- motor development involves the refining of gross
- movements
- gross movements are developed before fine movements
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Associated chain theory
- learn a series of movements for each sound
- each motion is associated with the one before and the one after
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2 problems with associated chain theory
- we can still speak intelligibly when articulators are perturbed (biting pencil, wad of cotton in cheek)
- coarticulation (the motor movements for a sound are affected by other sounds; "boot", "bite")
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Central control theory (master control mechanism)
- has an answer for perturbation
- central controller issues command for a sound
- "program" is executed at a lower level
- sensory feedback sensors within the articulators are used to adjust and modify articulation
- need separate programs for /b/ in boot, bite
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Dynamic (action theory) models
- there is an articulatory goal, or target sound (similar to central control)
- there are many ways to reach the goal
- adapt to current state of articulators
- the physical properties of the articulatory system (and central control) determine the execution
- accounts for coarticulation
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Apraxia
problems with programming voluntary control of movement in the absence of muscle weakness or paralysis
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Limb apraxia
difficulty with volitional gestures, actions on objects
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Oral apraxia
difficulty with non-speech oral gestures
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Verbal apraxia
difficulty with speech sound production
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