Anatomy quiz 6

change size and shape of cavities by manipulating articulators

frequency to which a cavity most readily responds

• bigger volume of air- lower frequency
• smaller volume of air- higher frequency

voicing (vocal fold vibration) is source (he, who)

turbulence is source (see, she)

vibration of vocal folds generates sound waves

the "tubes" of the vocal tract (pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity)

• tongue
• mandible
• hyoid bone
• larynx
• lips
• velum
• fauces and pharynx
• cheeks

• hard palate
• alveolar ridge
• teeth

• oral
• buccal
• nasal
• pharyngeal

• undergoes most change during speech
• mouth- anterior
• faucial pillars- posterior
• hard palate, soft palate, uvula

space between teeth and cheeks

• nostrils to nasal choanae (apertures)
• floor is hard palate
• other posterior landmarks (pharyngeal tonsils, orifice of Eustachian tube)

• nasopharynx (above soft palate, nasal coanae to occipital bone)
• oropharynx (velum to hyoid)
• laryngopharynx (hyoid to esophagus)

• mandible
• maxillae
• nasal bone
• palatine bone and nasal conchae (turbinates)
• vomer
• zygomatic bone
• lacrimal bone
• hyoid bone

• lower jaw
• unpaired

• paired (maxilla)
• forms most of hard palate

• paired
• small
• form top of nose

• paired
• from front, see "upside-down heart" shape of nasal cavity
• horizontal plates form posterior 1/4 of hard palate

• also called turbinates
• small, scroll-shaped (like turbines)

• forms inferior and posterior part of nasal septum
• shaped like a plowshare with its point forward

• paired
• cheekbones
• landmarks: maxillary process, temporal process, frontal process

• paired
• small
• anterior portion of medial wall of eye socket

• ethmoid
• sphenoid
• frontal
• parietal
• occiptal
• temporal

• "core" of skull
• unpaired
• mid-sagittal
• helps connect cranial and facial skeletons
• landmarks: perpendicular plate, orbital plates, middle and superior nasal conchae

• unpaired
• "bat-wing" shape
• landmarks (pairs of processes): greater wings, lesser wings, medial and lateral pterygoid plates

• ear is located here
• landmarks: external auditory meatus (within tympanic portion), zygomatic process, madibular fossa (glenoid), mastoid process, styloid process

• incisors- 8
• cuspids- 4
• bicuspids- 8
• molars- 12

closest to midline

furthest from midline

next to cheek

next to tongue

contact surface between upper and lower arches

• deciduous (or shedding or milk) teeth
• replaced by permanent (successional) teeth
• eruption through the bone and the gum begins 6-9 months of age:
• central incisors emerge first (lower, then upper), followed later incisors (upper, then lower)
• cuspids, 1st molars emerge at the same time (15-20 months)
• 2nd molars will have erupted by 2 years
• 3rd molars in adulthood

• incisors (6-9 years)
• cuspids and 1st molars (9-12 years)
• 2nd molars (around 10 years)

process of bringing upper and lower teeth together

1st mandibular molar is one-half tooth advanced of maxillary molar

protusion of upper arch

protusion of lower arch

• facial muscle
• retracts corners of mouth aiding smiling and grinning

• facial muscle
• retracts lips corners (pulls back the angle of the mouth which aids smiling)
• tightens cheeks (important for mastication)- aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing
• helps with embouchure (the mouthpiece of a wind instrument) for wind instruments
• also aids whistling

• facial muscle
• elevates upper lip

• facial muscle
• elevates upper lip

• facial muscle
• elevates upper lip

• facial muscle
• elevates and retracts angle of mouth

• facial muscle
• pulls lower lip down and out to bare lower teeth

• facial muscle
• pulls corners of mouth up and medially

• facial muscle
• depresses lip corners, compresses upper lip against lower lip (frown)

• facial muscle
• protrudes lower lip
• eleates and wrinkles chin and pulls lower lip out, as in pouting

• facial muscle
• acts as a "drawstring" to pull the lips closer together and effect a labial seal
• controls most movements of the lips such as lip compression, closure, or protusion, elevation, retraction, depression

• facial muscle
• depresses mandible

• tongue muscle
• extrinsic
• can retract, protrude, depress tongue

• tongue muscle
• intrinsic
• pulls tongue down into the floor of the mouth

• tongue muscle
• extrinsic

• tongue muscle
• intrinsic
• narrow tongue (pulls the edges of tongue toward the midline)

• tongue muscle
• extrinsic
• pulls sides of tongue down

• tongue muscle
• intrinsic
• helps to elevate tip of tongue

• tongue muscle
• intrinsic
• pulls tip of the tongue downward (also, assists in the retraction of the tongue if co-contracted with the superior longitudinal)

• tongue muscle
• extrinsic
• pulls tongue back and up

• mandibular muscle
• runs from zygomati arch to ramus of mandible
• innervation: V trigeminal
• elevates mandible

• mandibular muscle
• originates in broad area of temporal and parietal bones
• coverges to insert on coronoid process and ramus of mandible
• innervation: V trigeminal
• elevates and retracts

• mandibular muscle
• originates medial pterygoid plate of spenoid
• inserts on ramus of mandible
• innervation: V trigeminal
• elevates mandible

• mandibular muscle
• originates later pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid
• inserts on lower part of condylar process
• innervation: V trigeminal
• protrudes mandible

• mandibular muscle
• anterior originates on inner surface of mandible, posterior originates on mastoid process of temporal bone; both insert on hyoid
• innervation: V trigeminal; VII facial
• depresses mandible

• mandibular muscle
• mandible to hyoid
• innervation: V trigeminal
• depress mandible

• mandibular muscle
• mandible to hyoid
• innervation: XII hypoglossal
• depress mandible

• masseter
• temporalis
• medial pterygoid

• velar muscle
• main role is to dilate Eustachian tube (dilates or opens the Eustachian tube, thereby permitting exchange of air of the middle ear cavity

• velar muscle
• primary elevator of soft palate (elevates and retracts the posterior velum and makes up the bulk of the velum)

• velar muscle
• actively depresses soft palate (relaxed state is depression, but can be depressed further)
• dual purpose: elevates tongue or depresses velum
• forms anterior faucial pillar (posterior of oral cavity)

• velar muscle
• assisting in narrowing pharyngeal cavity and lowers velum
• forms posterior faucial pillar

• pharyngeal muscle
• wrap around pharynx
• originates at same point as buccinator
• courses back and around to insert at the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall
• forms the sides and back wall of the nasopharynx
• and part of the back wall of oropharynx

• pharyngeal muscle
• originates on hyoid cornu and sylohyoid ligament
• narrows the diameter of the pharynx

• pharyngeal muscle
• makes up the inferior pharynx, reduces the diameter of the lower pharynx
• consists of cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus

• part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
• originates on cricoid cartilage
• *all constrictors innercated by XI accessory and X vagus

• part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
• originates on thyroid laminae (oblique line)

• pharyngeal muscle
• runs from Eustachian tube to converge with palatopharyngeus muscle
• assists to elevate pharyngeal wall
• X vagus and XI spinal accessory

• pharyngeal muscle
• originates on styloid process of temporal bone
• inserts on constrictor muscles and thyroid cartilage
• elevates and opens pharynx
• IX glossopharyngeal

• lips
• mandible
• tongue
• velum

movement is important for speech (assists the lips; changes its position for tongue movement; and tightly closes when necessary by carrying the lips, tongue, and teeth to their targets in maxilla- lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, and hard palate)

• tonuge movement
• /t/, /d/
• superior longitudinal muscles

• tongue movement
• /l/
• genioglossus + sup. longitudinal + transverse

• tongue movement
• /o/
• genioglossus + sup. and inf. longitudinal (+styloglossus for swallowing)

• tongue movement
• "th"
• genioglossus + vertical + sup. and inf. longitudinal

• tongue movement
• /g/, /k/
• palatoglossus + transverse

• tongue movement
• /ash/
• genioglossus (+hyoglossus and condroglossus)

• the motor system is governed by reflexes in early development
• we then gain cortical control over motor patterns
• motor development involves the refining of gross
• movements
• gross movements are developed before fine movements

• learn a series of movements for each sound
• each motion is associated with the one before and the one after

• we can still speak intelligibly when articulators are perturbed (biting pencil, wad of cotton in cheek)
• coarticulation (the motor movements for a sound are affected by other sounds; "boot", "bite")

• has an answer for perturbation
• central controller issues command for a sound
• "program" is executed at a lower level
• sensory feedback sensors within the articulators are used to adjust and modify articulation
• need separate programs for /b/ in boot, bite

• there is an articulatory goal, or target sound (similar to central control)
• there are many ways to reach the goal
• adapt to current state of articulators
• the physical properties of the articulatory system (and central control) determine the execution
• accounts for coarticulation

problems with programming voluntary control of movement in the absence of muscle weakness or paralysis

difficulty with volitional gestures, actions on objects

difficulty with non-speech oral gestures

difficulty with speech sound production