AHTG

Ultimate Political power- having the final say

18th century philosphical movement that proposed individual self-interest, rather than greek virtue or christain humility, as the motivating factor in human behavior

Structure in the governmetn to make it more difficult for power to become concentrated in any one groups hands, seen by the founders as a backup system to virtue. (behind bicameral legislature, indirect election, enumeration)

a legislature in which there are two separate divisions or houses

When the people select the most virtuous representatives, who in turn select even more vituous government officials./ when government officials are elected by previousy chosen representatives, and not diretly by the people.( one of three structural devices behind the constitution)

a force, influence, or weight that counter-balances another, e.g. the roles of prosecutor and defense attorney in a trial. (

Latin res publica, the "public thing" when citizens of the political state govern themselves rather than submit to a monarch, despot, or oligarchy

parts of the consittuition that help organize and control power

when power in the government does not remain where it was originally placed

party representation in the legislative body is closely tied to the national or regional vote of that party

dividing powers of government between the separate branches

the question of how the benefits of self-government can be enjoyed without incurring its inherent problems

the nature and oarrangement of mechanisms in a consitution that organize the government

the dividing of powers between the national and state governments

bridging the separation of powers between branches of government by placing part of each power within two separate branches.

defensive alliance among sovereing equals.(between states, but doesn't work because it doesn't give government enough sovereignty)

(1735-1826) Founding Father and proponent fo a bicameral legislature, defended the British soldiers involved in teh Boston Massacre and later served as 2nd President of the US, where he made his "midnight appointments" that were the basis of teh Marbury v. Madison case.

(1721-1793) Connecticut delegate to the Constitutional Convention, proposed the great compromise of one legislative house having proportional representation while the other had equal representation

(1745-1806) New Jersey representative at the Constitutional Convention who presented the New Jersey Plan, which gave equal representation to states regardlesss of size or population.

(1706-1790) One of the most well-known Founders, Franklin was also a leading printer, scientist, inventor, and diplomat. He helped secure France as an ally during the Revolutionary War

(1751-1836) Fourth President of the US and founding Father, Madison is often called the "Father of the Constitution." He co-authored The Federalist with Hamilton and Jay, and helped Jefferson create the Democratic-Republican Party.

(1752-1816) Pennsylvania representative at the Constitutional Convention, Morris is credited with authoring large sections of the Constitution, including the Preamble

(1725-1792) Virginia delegate to the Constituitonal Convention, Mason refused to sign the Constituion because it did not contaion a declaration fo rights. (Bill of Rights)

(1742-1798) A primary framer of the Constitution, Wilson proposed the three-fifths compromise for slave representation and election of the president by the people. he was also key in Pennsylvania's ratification fo the Constitution.

(1757-1824) A South Carolina representative to the Constitutional Convention, Pinckney was a strong promoter fo Federalism and helped persuade ratification of the Constitution in South Carolina

(1732-1799) Known as the "Father of His Country," General Washington led the Continental Army to victory during the Revolutionary War, presided over the Constituinal Convention, and was elected as the First President of the US

their histories in the ancient world were fraught with wars, revoltuions, palace coups, and a pandemic factional turmoil

Virtue

wrote The Republic, and argued for arete as the answer. he laid out a system for recruiting and training the best and brightest in Greek Society to hold teh reins of government, and for educating them in the highest performance of virtuous conduct.

still believed in virtue, but he tended to emphasize structural solutions to the Republicna Problem. By mixing and balancing elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy in a governmnet,. he supposed that power could be fragmented and shared among various groups and interests, the result being balance and stability

They thought of teh colonies as laboratories for the development of republican practice, with each state sharing its experiene with the others.

People often behaved at variance to their professed idea.s, even at variance to their normal daily conduct;though angelic in their ideals, men could become monsters in practice.

intended to be true governmets, for they lacked the sovereignty that government requires

A circle of friends

united the states against a common foe, conducted a war, and forged a peace. the confederation wasn't a failure, but it had all the weaknesses and shortcoming of its type

No voice of American leadership

no way to resolve the growing number of disputes among the states

• Individual states were sovereign
• no executive
• no power to enforce conflicts between states
• no power to tx
• no common currency, exchange disputes
• not binding of passed
• no judiciary to resolve disputes
• state wars (Penn- Con)
• Conflicts between state laws
• State trade problems
• States made own international treaties, states were played off each other

• Experience gained helped in the creation of the constituion
• states actred as experimental labs
• provided some solutions in convetion
• got through the Revolutionary War
• Ended western land claiming by states
• Was a product of the people

Confederation

rule based on distinguished or wise ancestors and heritage

the Confederation

argued the case for a stronger american union, urged on by a vision of the US as a sovereign nation

Debt-ridden farmers in teh western part of the state rose in open rebellion adn shut down the local courts in order to escape foreclosure.

George Washington

courageous, wise, temperate, possible, do-able, just, practical men of affairs. called "aristocrats" and "a master class," they are better described simply as America's best and brightest

James Wilson, Roger Sherman, Gouverneur Morris, Charles Pinckney, William Pterson, George Mason, James Madison.

State governments in his plan would fade into subordinate administrative units, much like counties today

Independence Hall

Representation in states

the upper house of the legislature (Senate)

lower house of the bicameral legislature (the House of Representatives)

Roger Sherman

• Correct weaknesses of central government under the Articles
• Bicameral legislature based on population
• Became the House of Representaion based on population

• Protect the sovereignty of the small states
• unicmeral legislature with equal representation
• became the Senate based on equal representaiton

Dividng powers between the national and state governments

• State: Police Force, Education, Etc.
• National: National Defense, interstate commerce, etc.

• Slave trade could not be abolished for 20 years
• slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representaiton
• fugitive slaves were to be returned to their owners

power could and would corrupt

auxiliary precautions: Structure in the government to make it more dificult for power to become concentrated in any one group's hands.

Adams's Thoughts on Govenrment, and also promininent writers of the European Enlightenment-- Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and David Hume; whose jaded view of human nature argued for virtue's fragility. but more than anything else they read Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws

Bicameral legislature, Indirect election and Enumeration

House of Representatives

Senate

David Hume

when goverment officials are elected by previously chosen represntatives, and not dirctly by the people

when the poeple select the most virtuous representatives, who in turn select even more virtuous government officials

the written listing of the powers of government

• lay and collect taxes
• regulate commerce
• coin money
• set up a postal service and a patent office
• declare war
• raise and support a military establishment
• and attend to certain other national concerns

Separation of powers

Tyranny

Deadlock

the 3/5 compromise for slave representiaon and election of the President by the people, and Congress

bridging the separation fo powers between branches of government by placing part of each power within two separate branches

• Shared Executive:
• Overrides vetoes
• impeachment Approve/deny treaties and appointments
• sets up agencies and programs

• Shared Judicial:
• Impeach and remove judges
• determines number of Supreme Curt Justices
• Approves/rejects presidential judical appointments

• Shared Legislative:
• Vetoes legislation
• suggests legislation
• calls for special sessions
• Negotiates treaties

• Shared Judicial:
• Nominates Judges
• Pardons for federal offenses

• Shared Legislative:
• Determines constitutionality of laws (not explicit in the Constitution)
• Interprets laws and treaties

• Shared Executive:
• Declares acts of President unconstitutional (not explicit in the Constitution)
• Interprets treaties

check and balance

chief executive but subject to the advice and consent of the senate.

the president (comander-in-chief)

2/3

city or city state, often self-governed by its citizens as the ancient Greek city-states were.

a group of individuals who share the same speciific political agenda

political outcomes

A force, influence, or weight that counter-balances another, e.g., the roles of prosecutor and defense attorney in a trial

a political group that was for the ratification fo the Constitution, later used to describe members of the Federalist Party

Fundamental rights granted by nature that government cannot abrogate and which governmnet was bound to protect

Power of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of laws

Political group that was against the ratification of the Constitution

Rights defined using narrow, concrete language, fll of specific terms and qualifiers

Series of essays published in new York newspapers under the pseudonym Publius for the express purpose of gaining support for ratification of teh Constitution. Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.

Natural rights that don't proclaim an "is" so much as an "ought" about the world-- the way things "should" be

(1751-1813) Governor of Virginia and delegate to teh Constitutional Convention, Randolph refused to sign the Constitution in Philadelphia, but later was instrumental in persuading Virginia leadership to ratify it.

(1722-1803) Second cousin to John Adams, he was a Massachusetts sstatesman and organizer of the Boston Tea Party. Adams served in teh Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence, but was opposed to a strong federal government

(1755-1804) Hamilton served as the first Secretary of the Treasury under Washington and founded the Federalist Party. He also co-wrote the Federalist and championed a strong central government

A "Midnight Appointment" by John Adams, Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for delivery of his commission, which was being withheld by order of President Jefferson

(1755-1835) Fourth Chief Justice of the US, Marshall ruled that writs of mandamus were unconstitutional in the case Marbury v. Madison, thereby establishing a precedent for judicial review.

(1725-1792) Virginia delegate to teh Constitutional Convention, Mason refused to sign the Constitution because it did not contain a declaration of rights.

(1736-1799) Best known for his famous "Give me liberty, or give me death" speech in teh Virginia House of Burgesses, Henry was an Anti-Federalist who pushed for a bill of rights to be added to the Constitution after its ratification

(1745-1829) a Founding Father, Jay served as a President of the Continental Congress, co-wrote the federalist with Hamilton and Madison, and served as teh first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court

(1743-1826) Third President of teh US, Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and an influuential Founding Father of the us. He founded the Democratic-Republican Party and promoted the idea of a small federal government.

Refused to sign the Constitution

(1751-1836) Fourth President of the US and Founding Father, MAdison is often called the "father of teh Constitution." he co-authored the Federalist with Hamilton and Jay, and helped Jefferson create the Democratic-Republican Party.

(1732-1799) Knwon as the "Father of His Country," General Washington led the Continental Army to victory during teh Revolutionary War, presided over the Constitutional Convention, and was elected as the First Presiden tof the US

(1735-1826) Founding Father and proponent of a bicameral legislature, Adams defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre and later served as 2nd President of the US, where he made his "midnight appointments" that were the basis of the Marbury v. Madison case

City or city-state, often self-govenred by its citizens as were the ancient greek city-states

Locke

a specified majority of voters. in the ratification of the Constituion almost 70% (9 of 13) of the states was required.

wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice.

federalists' vision was of an impressive city upon a hill, that of the Anti-Federalists was more liek a neighborly Our Town

the framers

• States already had bills of rights- it was unneeded
• enumerating rights was very difficult
• Enfrocing rights was very difficult

• The federalists promised during Ratificaiton debate
• Arather large, powerful central government was just created
• Could not hurt to enumerate things the government cannot do (especially in the shadow of King George)

• Freedom of conscience
• Freedom of expression
• Right to privacy

laws passed by congress in 1798 to try and stifle the"seditious" writings of French propagandists against the neutrality of the Us with regards to teh French and British War

Supreme court case in which judicial review was established

the uthority of a court to hear certain kinds of cases first istead of waiting for those cases to be tried in a lower court

Congressional act that formed the federal court system adn authorized writs of mandamus

judiciary appointments of Federalist judges made by Federalist president John Admas shortly before he left office, in response to the Democratic=Republican victory in the Congress and Presidency

a court document forcing an action by a certain party

power of the Supreme Court to rule on the constituionality of laws

see Democratic-Republican Party

Political party led by Jefferson and Madison that championed a society of slef-relient individuals to protect rights, a smaller federal government, and a narrow and strict interpretation of the Constitution

the group of electors selected by the people who are responsible for the selection of the president

the idea that power is created by and subject to the will of the people. it was the basis for Madison's proportional representation in Congress and a justification by the South for the continuance of slavery

When the selection of government officials is distanced from direct election by the people in order to protect against mob rule and public whim. filters include indirect election, time between elections, and size of representative regions

Representational structure where each geographical region elects its one representative independent of outcomes in other regions

see Federalist Party

Political party founded by Hamilton and John Adams that envisioned a great Western empire with a strong federal government, and a broad interpretation of Constitutional powers.

England's first political party, organized in political opposition to the King; Americans later formed their own Whig party during the Jacksonian democracy era, but the two parties did not hold the same ideology

Giving consent to a provision or law the first time, such as the ratification of the Constitution

The candidate who receives more than 50% of total votes wins

Political party that stems from the controversy over slavery. It was dedicated to keeping future territories and states free from slavery

When losers in the political game continue to support the system, even when it is against their ideology

Giving continuing consent at certain intervals to a provision or law to which original consent has already been given

Receiving the largest percentage of the votes

(1743-1826) Third President of teh US, Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and an influuential Founding Father of the us. He founded the Democratic-Republican Party and promoted the idea of a small federal government.

(1755-1804) Hamilton served as the first Secretary of the Treasury under Washington and founded the Federalist Party. He also co-wrote the Federalist and championed a strong central government

(1751-1836) Fourth President of the US and Founding Father, Madison is often called the "Father of the Constitution" He co-authored the Federalist with Hamilton and Jay, and helped jefferson create the Democratic-Republican Party

(1732-1799) Known as the "Father of His Country," General Washington led the Continental Army to victory during the Revolutionary War, presided over the Constitutional Convention, and was elected as the First President of the United States

(1735-1826) Foudning Father and proponent of a bicameral legislature, Adams defended the British soldiers involved in teh Boston Massacre and later served as 2nd President of the United States, Where he made his "midnight appointments" that were the basis of the Marbury v. Madison case

(1761-1845) The seventh President of the US, Jackson championed the U.S. as a democracy, pushing for more political involvement by the common man. he also vetoed teh U.S. Bank's charter and made other reforms to keep the federal governmetn small.

"yeoman farmers" self-governing farmers would till the soil by day and read science and political phislosophy by candlelight in teh evening

there must always be the rulers and the ruled. he intended to be the one who ruled. he envisioned the main task beofre the new governmnet as being the creation of a great empire that would dominate the western hemishphere and compete successfully with the established powers of Europe

• Leaders: Jefferson and Madison
• Ideal Society: Self-reliant individuals with small government that protects rights
• Supported French Revolution and alliances with France
• Smaller federal government
• Narrow interpretation of constitutional powers

• Leaders: Hamilton and John Adams
• Ideal Society: Great empire that would dominate the Western Hemisphere and compete with European powers
• Supported alliances with Great Britain
• Powerful federal government
• Broad interpretation of constitutional powers

Political party founded by Hamilton and John Adams that envisioned a great Western empire with a strong federal government and a broad interpretaition of constituitonal powers

Political party led by Jefferson and Madison that championed a society of self-reliant individuals to protect rights, a smaller federal govenrment, and a narrow and strict interpretation fo teh Constitution.

giving consent to a provision or aw the first time, such as the ratification of the Constitution

giving continuing consent at certain intervals (through means such as elections) to a provision or law to which original consent has already been given

when the selection fo government officials is distanced from direct election by the people in order to protect against mob rule and public whim. Filters include indirect election, time between elections, and size of representative regions

• Elections are further apart in time
• each rpresentative represents a larger population
• the selection process is more indirect (i.e. the voters pick representatives who select the government officials.)

the part of governmetn closest to the people. direct election every 2 years by the people

2 senators from each state, senators are more removed from the people. Indirect election every 6 years through State Legislatures who are elected by the people

indirect election every 4 years and only two terms through the Electoral College who are elected by the people

the group of electors selected by the peopel who are responsible for the selection of the president

most removed from the people is the Supreme Court and the federal judiciary. are nominated by the President and confirmed by teh Senate. they serve as judges for life or until they choose to retire.

Impeachment

• representaiton: U.S.
• Method of selection: Nominated by President with consent of the Senate
• Term of Office: Lifetime or voluntary retirement

• Representation: U.S
• Method of selection: Majority of the electorla vote. if no candidate has a majority, the winner is determeined by state votes in teh House of Representatives
• Term of Office: Four years with maximum of two terms

• Representation: State
• Method of Selection: Originally selected by state legislatures Now plurality winner in the state
• Term of Office: Six years

• Representation: Districts proportional to population
• Method of Selection: Plurality winner in the district
• Term of Office: Two years

• the president is elected separately from teh legislature
• a single representatvie is elected from each district or state
• Plurality of votes being sufficient for election except in the Electoral College
• Fixed intervals for elections

Representational sturcture where each geographical regioan elects its one representative independent of outcomes in other regions

Party representation in the legislative body is closely tied to the national or reginal vote of that party

• Candidates will try to position themselves in teh middle of voter sentiment and portray thieiir opponenet as extreme in some way.
• More Government: Radical
• Less Government: Reactionary

• based on looks instead of political agenda. the Candidates can't pin there opponent with an extreme title so they start pointing out different things. (Emperors new Groove- Kronks shoulder angel and devil = they are both trying to tell him what to do but can't get their point across,
• DEVIL: listen up big guy i got a view good reasons you should just walk away.. reason number 1..look at that guy!*points at angel* he's got that sissy-stringy-music thing..
• ANGEL:*sigh* we've been through this.. its a HARP..and you know it..
• DEVIL: ..riiiight..THATS a "harp" and thats a DRESS
• ANGEL: ..ROBE!
• DEVIL: ..reason number 2..look what i can do *does1handed hand-stand* haha..HA!
• KRONK: ..but ..what dose that have to do with anything..?..
• ANGEL: ..no no..hes got a point)

Fundamental alteration in the way life is lived

When one person or group caputres enough market power to control or manipulate prices; the lack of cometition in a market

One of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points at teh end of WWI; it called for the creation of a group of nations to help ensure peace. the US never joined because of a veto by Congress. After WWII, the United Nations was formed with similar goals

The dividing of powers between the national and state governments

When the Supreme court uses judicial review in order to achieve social goals

Plan by Fanklin D. Roosevelt involving the creation of various government agencies and programs designed to stimulate the economy and hlep the US escape th eGreat Depression

Part of the Theodore Roosevelt phrase: "Speak softly and carry a big stick," which represented the military might of the United States

(1809-1882) English naturalist known for writing the Orgin of Species, in which he propsed the idea of natural selection as the primary means of species diversity.

(1879-1955) German-born theoretical physicist who is most known for his Special and General Theories of Relativity and teh formula for mass-energy equivalence, E=mc2

(1882-1945) the 32nd President of the US, roosevelt served four terms, the only US President to serve more than two terms. His exuberant public personality helped bolster the nation's confidence as it struggled through the Depression and then entered World War II

(1818-1883) German philosopher who wrote the communist Manifesto, championing communism and socialism and attacking market economies

(1858-1919) the 26 President of the US, Roosevelt was known for his boisterous personality. he was known for trust-busitng, championing environmental causes, and his "big stick" foreign policy that called for American policing of thre Western Hemisphere to protect its economic interests.

(1755-1835) Fourth Chief Justice of the US, Marshall ruled that writs of mandamus were unconstituitional in the case Marbury v. Madison, thereby establishing a precedent for judicial review.

(1856-1939) Considered the father of psychoanalytical psychology, Freud's theories were based ont eh idea that people were influenced in tehir behavior by subconscious and external factors beyond their control.

(1856-1924) 28th President of the US, Wilson helped frame the Treaty of Versailles ending WWI and proposed Fourteen Points that included the formation of the League of Nations

Plan of Thomas Jefferson to organize the national domain into discrete territories along with a three-stage development of government institutions

Called for the systematic survey of the Northsest Territory and divsion into mile-square plots and organization into townships

Lands north of the Ohio River

Caled for the Governemtnal development of the west based on creating self-governing republics that would be systematically added to teh Union

Land purchased by Thomas Jefferson from France. Consists of much of teh midwest US

(1769-1821) French Emperor and European conqueror who sold France's North American holdings to the US as the Louisiana Purchase

(1767-1845) The 7th president of the US, Jackson championed the US as a democracy, pusing for more political involvement by the common man. He also vetoed the US bank's charter and made other reforms to keep the federal government small

Aspect of party politics in which groups of political party members would gather together in order to have more solidarity adn support

Aj journal used by a political party for disseminating party information to and encouraging more active participation among the grass roots voters

Promoting candidates as being from (and therefore representing) the common masses,, rather than as elite gentlemen-politicians.

large meeting of party delegates for the purpose of nominating candidates, often held with much pomp and ballyhoo

aspect of party politics in which voters are systematically rounded up and helped to get to the polling place

group of party loyalists organized to deliver the vote on election day. Historically they often sed quesitonable or illegal means such as buying votes orintimidation at the polls

Alliance of southern states that seceded from teh Union over slavery

Presidential order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863 that freed slaves in the areas of insurrection

the dividing of powers between teh national and state governments

Formal withdrawl of states or regions from a nation

When a city-state or nation has multiple factions that compete against each other. Madison felt that an extedned republic would prevent facitonalism from leading to tyranny because no faction could be large enough to dominate./Factionalism on a larger, more regional scale, with fewer ut larger factions. Sectionalism during the 1800s over the slavery issue nullified teh benefits of Madison's extended repbulic and led to the Civil War

When ultimate political power resides in the state rather than the federal government

1820 agreement between slavery and anti-slavery factions in the US that regulated slavery in western territories, prohibiting slavery above the border of ARkansas (except Missouri) and permitting it south of that border.

Abolished slavery in teh United States

Defined citizenship and overturned the three-fifths compromise for slaves when determining representation, repudiated Confederate debts, and prohibited confederate leaders from holding public office

All male citizens are granted the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

(1807-1870) Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civl War. After surrendering at Appomattox on April 9, 1865, Lee urged reconciliation with the North

(1826-1885) Union General during the Civil War. Although he helped raise and train the Union Army as general-in-chief, McClellan failed to press his advantage at the Battle of Antietam, and was later relieved of his command by President Lincoln

(1809-1865) 16 president of the US, Lincoln sought to end slavery and preserve the Union. He signed the Emancipation Proclamation and deliverd his famous "Gettysburg Address."

(1813-1861) An Illinois statesman who ran aginst Lincoln, Bell, and Breckinridge in teh 1860 Presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, Douglas also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate

(1777-1864) Fifth Chief Justice o fthe Supreme Court, Taney ruled in dred scott v. sandford that the Missouri Compromise was unconstituitonal.

(1795-1858) Slave who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom in 1857 because he had lived with his owner in several states where slavery was illegal. the ruling of Dred Scott v. Sandford determined that slaves were property and cold not be freed by state laws. the ruling essentially nullified teh Missouri Compromise and was a major factor contributing to the Civil War.

(1821-1875) a Senator from Kentucky and the fourteenth vice president of the US, Breckinridge ran aginast Lincoln, Bell, and Douglas in the 1860 Presidential election on an extreme pro-slavery platform

(1797-1869) A wealthy slaveowner from Tennessee who served in both the House an dthe Senate, Bell ran for US President aginst Lincoln, Breckinridge , and Douglas in 1860 with the Constitutional Union Party on a moderate proslavery platform

Civil War

a severe Civil War battle that took place on September 17, 1862. It was teh bloodiest day in American history. After the battle Abraham Lincoln issured the Emancipation Proclamation

Prsidential order issued by Abraham Lincoln on Jan 1, 1863 that freed slaves in the areas of insurrection

tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation