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List the layers of the alimentary canal wall in order?
- 1. mucosa
- 2. submilaris externa
- 3. muscularis externa
- 4. serosa
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What are the locations of the organs within quadrants and/or relative to other functions?
- 1. stomach: ULQ, next to diaphragm
- 2. pancreas: retroperitoneal, inferior and posterior to stomach
- 3. liver: mainly URQ, next to diaphragm
- 4. gallbladder: inferior to liver
- 5. appendix: LRQ, attached to cecum
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List end define the processs that sid movement through the alimentary canal?
- 1. movement
- 2. mechanical digestion: physical breakdown
- 3. chemical digestion: chemical breakdown
- 4. absorption: transfer of nutrients > blood to lymphatics
- 5. excretion: waste elimation
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List and define the process of mechanical digestion?
- 1. mastication = chewing
- 2. churning = tumbling
- 3. segmentation = isolated contractions
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List substances in general that aid chemical digestion?
- 1. HCI
- 2. bile salts
- 3. enzymes
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What is the pH of saliva when it flows? And what accounts for it?
- a. alkaline
- b. bicarbonate: buffers acid
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What is the location of the gastroesophageal?
outlet of esophogus
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What is the location of the pyloric sphincter?
outlet
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What is the hormone of the stomach?
gastrin, stimulates acid and pepsin secretions
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What are the exocrine secretions of the stomach and what are their functions?
- 1. mucus
- 2. intrinsic factor
- 3. hydrochloric acid- bacteriostatic and activates pepsin
- 4. pepsin- starts protein diestion, protein > polypeptides
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What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas and what are their functions? Where do they act?
- a. sodium bicarbonate- neutralize acid, optimal pH for enzymes
- b. amylase- CHO digestion
- c. lipase- fat digestion
- d. polypeptidases- protein digestion, activated in small intestines....ex: trypsin
- Act in sm. intestine
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What are the funvtions of the liver?
- a. protein metabolism / albumin + clottine factors
- b. CHO metabolism glycogen <--> glucose
- c. lipid metabolism ? cholesterol synthesis
- d. ketone body synthesis / used by tissues for energy
- e. hormone metabolism
- f. resistance / phagocytosos & detox.
- g. blood reservoir
- h. vitamin & mineral storage
- i. bile secretion > bile ducts > gallbladder or duodenum
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What are the substances found in bile, and what are their functions or fate?
- a. bilirubin > jaundice
- b. cholesterol > excreted
- c. bile salts
- 1. fat digestion in sm. int. via emulsification / globules > droplets
- 2. fat absorption
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What is the function cell type of the liver? What % loss disrupts homostasis?
hepatocytes....80% loss
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What are the blood vessels that supply the liver and describe their oxygen and nutrient contents?
- 1. hepatic artery - oxygen rich
- 2. portal vein - nutrient rich
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What part of the sm. int. receives enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas as well as bile from the liver or gallbladder?
duodenum
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
stores bile
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What are the parts of the sm. int. from proximal to distal?
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What is the function of villi and microvilli?
increase surface area
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What are the hormones produced by the sm. int. and what are their function?
- a. secretin
- b. cholecystokinin (CCK)
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What organ is the major site for digestion and absorption?
sm. intestine
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What is the final product resulting from digestion of protein and carbohydrates in the small intestine? And into what are these products absorbed for transport?
- 1. polypeptides (pro.) > AA > hepatic portal blood
- 2. polysaccharides (CHO) > momosaccharides > hepatic portal blood
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Define emulsification?
breakdown of fat , globules > droplets
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Where does emuldification occur?
sm. intestine
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What substance promotes emulsification?
bile
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What lipoprotein is triglyceride incorporated into after its digested and absorbed into the sm. intestinal cells?
monoglyceride and fatty acids
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Fat, as part of these lipoproteins, is then absorbed into what for transport?
chylomicrons > lymphatics
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What are the parts of the large intestine from proximal to distal?
- a. cecum
- b. colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
- c. rectum
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What are the functions of the large intestine?
- 1. absorption
- 2. fecal consistency (proximal to distal)
- 3. the gas we pass by Shinata Cho
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The gas we pass correctly points out that most gas is the result of what?
swallowed air
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Intestinal trauma or surgery has what effect on the intestines?
sm. intestine shutdown
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