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Information Process Theory
An approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking.
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Short-Term Memory
The memory system that codes information according to sound and holds about 7 (from 5-9) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory
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Long-Term Memory
The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories.
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Episodic Memory
The type of declaritive memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced.
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Sementic Memory
The type of declaritive memory that stores general knowledge, or objective facts and information.
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Nondeclaritive Memory
The subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses; also called implicit memory.
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Serial Position Effect
The finding that, for information learned in sequence, reall is better for the beginning adn ending items than ffor the middle items in the sequence.
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Flashbulb Memory
An extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one's first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event.
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Infantile Amnesia
The relative inability of older children and adults to recall events from the first few years of life.
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Retrograde Amnesia
A loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness.
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Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form long-term memories of events occurring after a brain injury or brain surgery, although memories formed before the trauma are usually intact and short-term memory is unaffected.
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Ebbington
Nonsense words that sound more like words that real words are easier to remember.
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Interference
A cause of forgetting that occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it.
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Decay Theory
The oldest theory of forgetting, which holds that memories, if not used, fade with time and ultimately disappear altogether.
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Encoding Failure
A cause of forgetting that occurs when information was never put into long-term memory.
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Consolidation Failure
Any disruption in the consoidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming.
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Overlearning
Practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error.
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Massed Practice
Learning in one long practice session without rest periods.
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Spaced Practice
Learning in short practice sessions with rest periods in between.
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Arousal Theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
A measure of weight relative to height.
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Obesity
BMI of more than 30
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Stress
The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment.
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Holmes and Rahe's measure of stress, which ranks 43 life events from most to least stressful and assigns a point value to each.
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
The predictable sequence of reactions (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages) that organisms show in response to stressors.
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Personality
A person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
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Id
The unconcious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle; source of the libido.
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Ego
In Freud's theory, the logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle.
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Superego
The moral system of thepersonality which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal.
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Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN)
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Index (MMPI)
The most extensively researched and widely used personality test, which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders; revised as MMPI-2
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California Personality Inventory (CPI)
A highly regarded personality test developed especially for typical individuals aged 13 and older.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations, which the test taker describes; thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives, which are projected onto the test materials.
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