nsg fundamentals chpt 36

-study of how food nourishes the body. study of nutrients and how they are handles by the body

- specific biochemical subs used by the body for growth, dev't, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maitenance and recovery from illness

essential nutrients that supply energy and build tissue
-referred to as macronutrients

require in smaller amounts that regulates and controls body processes
- referred to as micronutrients

sum of all calories used to perform physical activity, maintain basal metabolism, digest, absorb and metabolize food

daily energy intake is equal to total daily energy expenditure

if energy intake is less than the energy expended

if energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

energy required to carry on involuntary activities of the body at rest.

factors that increase BMR

factors that decrease BMR

methods to establish ideal body weights

-sugars and starches
-composed of C, H, and O2
-structural framework of plants
-lactose- animal source of carbs in diet
-easy to produce and store and most abundant and least expensive
-classified ad simple or complex

-90% of carbs intake is ingested
-decreases as fiber intake increases
-converted to glucose transport to blood and enegry use
-cells oxidize glucose to provide energy, CO2 and H2O
-burned effeciently and does not leave toxic products

contain C, H, O, N.
-require for body structure formation: genes, enzymes, blood, muscle, bones, skin, matrix
-RDA - 56-63 g/ 110-20%

contain sufficient amts of amino acids
-- animal protein (eggs, dairy prod, and meat)

deficient in one or more amino acids
- plant proteins (grains, legumes and veggies)

nitrogen intake is > excretion
-during periods of growth, preg, lactation and recovery from illness

nitrogen excretion is > that intake/ingested
-during periods of starvation and catabolism follows surgery, illness, trauma and stress

insoluble in H2O and blood
-C, H O2
-95% of lipids are triglyceride
-digestion occurs @ small intestines
-most concentrated source of energy
-RDA recommends not more than 20-35% caloric intake

contain more hydrogen
-animal fats
-solid @ room temp
-raise cholesterol levels

vegetable fats
-liquid @ room temp
-lowers cholesterol levels
-oils

partially hydrogenated liquid, oils
-more solid and stable
-raises cholesterol

fat subs found only in animal products
-impt component of cell membranes
-abundant in brain and nerve cells
-use to synthesize bile acids
-precursor of steroid hormone and vit D
-high levels - atherosclerosis

org compounds needed by the body in small amts
-are in active form of conezyme- facilitates chemical rxn
-needed for metabolism of carbs protein and fats

-absorbed through intestinal wall directly into bloodstream
--vit C and B
-not stored in the body and daily intake is recommended
-non toxic

-absorbed with fat into lymphatic circulation
-stores excess vit in liver and adipose tissue
-daily intake is not imperative
-vit A D E K
-excessive vit A and D are toxic

inorganic elements found in body fluid and tissues in form os sallts
-provide structure w/in body
-containes in the ash that remains after digestion
-excessive soaking and cooking in h2o can cause loss of minerals in food

bulk minerals needed by body >100mg/day
-Ca, P, S, Na, Cl, K, Mg

traced elements
-needed by body <100mg/day
-have recommended dietary intake
-iron zinc manganese, chromium, ..etc

accounts bet 50-60% of body wt
-2/3 h20 are in cells (ICF) the remained are in ECF - all other body fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid
-provides fluid medium for all chemical rxn
-solvent, aids digestion, absopt, circulation and excretion

produces through metabolism of carbs, protein and fats
-leaves through urine, feces and expired
-2000-3000 mL/day