single gene inheritance and meiosis

  1. mutation
    a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA creating alternative alleles of a gene
  2. passing of genes to offspring in humans
    • the copies of each gene are separated from each other
    • not every child rec eives the same combination of alleles
    • it is the unique combination of maternal and paternal alleles that come together during fertilization that determines a person's genotype and contributes to his or her phenotype
  3. describe the steps of sexual reproduction
    • each parent is a diploid (2 copies of each chromosome) organism which produce specialized sex cells called gametes
    • gametes are haploid (only one copy of each chromosome)
    • sperm fertilizes the egg resulting in a diploid zygote
    • zygote divides by mitotic cell division eventually generating enough cells to form a diploid baby
  4. gametes
    • specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome
    • result of cell division called meiosis
    • sperm are male gametes
    • eggs are female gametes
  5. the 2 divisions of meiosis
    • meiosis I
    • meiosis II
  6. meiosis I
    • homologous chromosomes pair and line up next to one another in the middle of the cell
    • the chromosomes of each homologous pair separate from one another and are divided into separate cells
    • each daughter cell is haploid
    • each chromosome is still in its replicated state
  7. meiosis II
    • sister chromatids separate, creating four haploid daughter cells
    • each daughter cell will develop into egg or sperm
  8. why don't children look and behave exactly like one parent
    they inherit alleles from both parents and are genetically a combination of the 2
  9. why are no 2 gametes produced by the same parent identical
    • recombination
    • independent assortment
  10. recombination
    • when maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments
    • as a result, maternal chromosomes actually contain segments (therefor alleles) from paternal chromosomes and vice versa
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  11. independent assortment
    • alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another
    • unique combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes is distributed into each sperm and each egg because possible combinations of alleles is very numerous (>8 million)
    • maternal and paternal chromosomes separate according to how they have randomly lined up in the cell
  12. heterozygous
    having 2 different alleles
  13. homozygous
    having 2 identical alleles
  14. homologous chromosomes
    • the 2 copies of each chromosome in a diploid cell
    • one chromosome from the mother and one from the father
  15. phenotype
    the visible or measurable features of an individual
  16. genotype
    the particular genetic makeup of an individual
  17. zygote
    cell that is capable of developing into and adult organism
  18. embryo
    early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division ro form a multicellular structure
  19. carrier
    individual who is heterozygous for a particular gene of interest, and therefore can pass on the recessive allele without showing any of its effects
Author
babaghannouj
ID
114095
Card Set
single gene inheritance and meiosis
Description
bio 160 ch 11
Updated