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Hybridization
The valence electron goes from the s to the p level
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3 carbons
pro- or glycer-
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Hydroxyl
- -OH
- Alcohols, diols
- suffix - -ol
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Carbonyl
- =O
- Aldehydes (terminal)
- suffix - -al
- Ketones (subterminal)
- Suffix - -one
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Carboxyl
- -C=O-OH
- Always terminal
- Acids
- Suffix - -oic
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Amine
- -NH2
- 3 types
- -NH2 = primary
- -NH- = secondary
- -N- = tertiary
- Amino acids, nitrogen bases
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Sulfhydryl
- -SH
- 2 types
- -SH = primary
- -S- = secondary
- Amino acids
- Suffix - -thiol
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Phosphate
- -H2PO4 (-O-PO3=)
- ATP, PGAL, glucose-6-phosphate
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Structural isomer
- Chain or skeletal isomerism
- 2-methylpentane vs. 3-methylpentane
- Positional isomerism
- change in position of functional group
- Functional group isomerism
- change of functional group to another form
- Chiral isomers
- chiral C = carbon with 4 different functional groups
- enantiomers – non-superimposable
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