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Hallucinations
A symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present
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Selective Abstraction
Extracting and attenting to only information that confirms danger beliefs
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Congruence
A consistency between the way therapists feel and the way they act towards their clients.
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Gestalt therapy
An active treatment designed to help clients get in touch with genuine feelings and disown foreign ones
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Psychologists
Among therapists, those whose education includes a completion of masters or doctoral degree in clinical or counselling psychology, often followed by additional special training
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Exposure techniques
Behaviour therapy methods in which a client remains in the presence of strong stimuli unitil the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease
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Assertivenesss training & Social skills training
Methods for teaching clients how to interact with others more comfortably and effectively
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Arbitrary Inference
Drawing erroneous conclusions on the basis of inadequate evidence (e.g. interpretation of noises, facial expressions)
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Systematic Desensitisation
A behavioural treatment for anxiety in which clients visualise a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while reaminig relaxed.
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Flooding
An exposure technique for reducing anxiety that involves keeping a person in a feared, but harmless situation
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Behaviour therapy
Treatments that use classical conditioning principles to change behaviour
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Behaviour modification
Treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behaviour
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Cognitive-Behaviour therapy
Learning based treatment methods that help clients change the way they think, as well as the way they behave
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Modeling
Demonstratig desirable behaviours as a way of teaching them to clients
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Psychoanalysis
A method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight by recognising and understanding unconcious thoughts and emotions
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Reflection
An active listening method in which a therapist conveys empathy by paraphrasing clients' statements and noting accompanying feelings
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Psychiatrists
Medical doctors who are trained in the treatment of psychological disorders
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Psychotherapy
Treatment of psychological disorders through talking and other psychological methods
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Client centered therapy
A therapy that allows the client to decided what to talk about without direction, judgement or interpretation from the therapist.
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Unconditional positive regard
A therapist attitude that conveys a caring for, and acceptance od, the client as a valued person
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Empathy
The therapists' attempt to appreciate and understnad how the world looks from the clients' point of view
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Positive symptoms
Symptoms that add to the persons life e.g. disorganised thought, hallucinations and delusions.
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Mood disorder
Conditions in which a person experiences extreme moods such as depression and mania, especially when their moods are not consistent with the events around them.
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Dissociative disorders
Rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness or identity.
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Dissociative fugue
A dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale.
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Pain disorder
Marked by complaints of sever, often constant pain (typically back, neck, or chest) with no physical cause.
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Major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months.
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Antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder involving selfish, impulsive, unscrupulous even criminal behaviour
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Negative symptoms
Symptoms that subtract elements from a person's life- absense of pleasure, lack of speech and flat effect.
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Bipolar I disorder
A mood disorder in which a person alternates between deep depression and mania
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Personality Disorder
Long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems.
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Dysthymic Disorder
A mood disorder involving a pattern of comparitively mild dpression that lasts at least 2 years.
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Somatization Disorder
Disorder in which there are numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness
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Hypochondriasis
Somatoform disorder involving a strong, unjustified fear of having physical illness.
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Conversion disorder
Somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness or other symptoms or motor failure without a physical cause.
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Somatoform Disorders
Psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause.
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Dissociative amnesia
A dissociative disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory.
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Dissociative identity disorder
A person reports to have more than one identity.
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Mania
An elevated, very active emotional state.
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Bipolar II disorder
Major depressive episodes alternate with hypomania
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Cyclothymic disorder
Involves episodes of depression and mania, but the intensity of both moods are less sever than in Bipolar I
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Social phobia
An axiety disorder involving strong, irrational fears relating to social situations.
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Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder involving a strong fear of being alone, or leaving the home.
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(GAD) Generalised Anxiety Disorder
A conditio that involves relatively minor but long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular objects or situation
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Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks
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Phobia
An anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object that does not objectively justify such a reaction
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Specific phobias
Anxiety disorders involving fear and avoidance of specific stimuli and situations
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Diathesis-Stress Approach
Viewing psychological disorders as arising when a predisposition for a disorder combines with sufficient amounts of stress to trigger symptoms.
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Biopsychosocial model
A view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological and socialcultural factors.
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Sociocultural model
A way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, afe, ethnicity and other social and cultural factors.
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Psychological Model
A view in which mental disorders are seen as arising from psychological proceses.
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Impaired functioning
Difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected family, social and work-related roles.
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Psychopathology
Patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive or uncomfortable for those affected or those with whom they come in contact.
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Neurobiological model
A modern name for the 'medical model', in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chesmitry of the brain and in other biological processes,
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Schizophrenia
A sever and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking, emotion , perception and behaviour
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Delusions
False beliefs, such as those experienced by schizosphrenics or those suffering from extreme depression.
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Anxiety Diorder
A condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive.
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Hindsight bias
We tend to belive, after learning the outcome, that we would have foreseen it
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Overconfidence:
We tend to think we know more than we do
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Overgeneralisation
Beliefs that inaccurately assume a relationship between variables
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Self-fulfilling prophecies
Behaviour alters the outcome
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False consensus effect
Tendency to overestimate the extent to which we share our beliefs and behaviours
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Availability Heuristics
More vivis and easily recalled examples bias us to believe these are instances that are mosre likely to occur
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Post hoc fallacy
We believe that if one event precedes another, it is probably causally related
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Correlation coefficient
A statistical measure of the extent to which factors vary factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other
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Reasons why two set of data correlated
- 1) because one has a direct causal relationship with the other
- 2) Because one has an indirect causal relationship with the other
- 3) because both are the result of another completely different cause, or set of causes.
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Developmental Psychology
is concerned with the cause and course of the developmental changes that take place over a persons entire lifetime
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John Locke
Newborn is a blank slate; tabular rasa
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Nature
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