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What are the dates for Cool Jazz?
1950-1955
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Describe Cool Jazz
Reaction against bebop, generally relaxed, light feel, less emphasis on rhythm, less influence from blues/gospel music
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What style directly opposes the bebop aesthetic?
Cool Jazz
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What is the bebop aesthetic?
- fast tempos
- harmonic complexity
- unpredictable rhythms
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What are all post-bop jazz musicians considered?
artists rather than entertainers (music for listening).
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Musical Characteristics of cool jazz?
- Generally relaxed, light feel
- Less emphasis on rhythm
- Less influence from blues/gospel music
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What is Cool Jazz closely associated with?
- "West Coast Jazz"
- "Third Stream"
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What is "Third Stream"?
the blending of jazz and classical music
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What is West Coast Jazz?
many prominent cool jazz musicians from CA
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What are the historical/social contexts going on during the cool jazz period?
- Segregation still common practice, but more integrated groups--both live and recorded
- RnR, Soul, and Doo Wop bands take over as the nations poular music after swing.
- The LP (33rpm) was introduced in 1948, and the concept of an album is developed in the 1950s, instead of the 78 rpm singles.
- Recording quality improves
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Who organized a group that embodied the cool aesthetics--light tone, relaxed feel, simplistic rhythm section playing?
Trumpeter Miles Davis and arranger Gil Evans
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Describe the group miles davis and Gil Evans organized?
- Commercially unseccessful
- The group quietly began a movement with a full album in the cool style
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What is the cool jazz album recorded by the group organized by miles davis and gil evans?
The Birth of the Cool (1949-50)
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What are the musical characteristics of the cool jazz group organized by miles davis and gil evans?
unusual instrumentation, highly arranged, cool style improv by Miles Davis, Gerry Mulligan, Lee Konitz
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What instrument did Miles Davis play?
Trumpet
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What style period is miles davis associated with?
both cool jazz and hard bop
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What instrument did Lennie Tristano play?
Piano
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What style period is Lennie Tristano associated with?
Cool Jazz
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What style piano did Lennie Tristano play?
modern jazz style apart from bebop during the 1940s.
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Despite the lack of performances/recordings, _____ was an influential teacher.
Lennie Tristano
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Describe Lennie Tristano.
Classically trained pianist, and experimented in free form group improv--later known as free jazz
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Who was Lennie Tristano's significant pupil?
Lee Konitz
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Lee Konitz followed _____ while most were following Charlie Parker.
Lennie Tristano
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A relatively unaccomplished bebop sideman with Charlie Parker, achieved great commercial success in the 1950s.
Miles Davis
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What is Miles Davis' playing style?
use of space, simple melodies, signature harmon mute
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What is Miles Davis known for?
Not known for technique, but known for musicianship and ability as a bandleader
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What Quintet is associated with Miles Davis?
The Classic Davis Quintet
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What Cool recording did the Classic Davis Quintet record?
"Kind of Blue"
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What instrument did Chet Baker play?
Trumpet
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What style period is Chet Baker Associated with?
Cool Jazz
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Where was Chet Baker based?
California
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What kind of style does Chet Baker have?
Like Davis, he developed a simple soloistic style, using few notes, with a light and airy sound
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What was Chet Baker later known as?
a singer--imitating his trumpet style with his voice
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Chet Baker successful?
commercial success
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What was the Stan Kenton Orchestra known for?
Progressive Jazz Style
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What is progressive jazz?
a style of composing and arranging for big band, rather than a way of playing/improving
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What did Stan Kenton's Progressive Jazz consist of?
Many Mood/Tempo changes
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Stan Kenton is associated with what style period?
Cool Jazz
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Where was Stan Kenton Orchestra based?
LA
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Stan Kenton's band consisted of....
many leading Cool/West Coast musicians
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Who was the first prominent jazz musician to become seriously involved in jazz education?
Stan Kenton
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What instrument did Dave Brubeck play?
piano
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What style period is Dave Brubeck associated with?
Cool Jazz
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What was Dave Brubeck?
West Coast pianist and composer
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What was Dave Brubeck influenced by?
Like Tristano, influenced by classical music
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What kind of sound did Dave Brubeck have?
unique sound in the cool style
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This artist used unusual rhythms in his compositions.
Dave Brubeck
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What songs did Dave Brubeck record?
"Take Five" and "Blue Ronde a la Turke" from Time Out album, featuring Paul Desmond
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What instrument did Paul Desmond play?
Saxophone
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Describe Dave Brubeck's success?
Commercial Success--Time Out peaked #2 on Billboard Pop Charts in 1959.
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Blending elements of classical aesthetic with jazz style is called _____.
Third Stream
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The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) is associated with what style period?
Cool Jazz/Third stream
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Who was in the Moder Jazz Quartet (MJQ)?
- John Lewis (piano)
- Milt Jackson (vibes)
- Percy Heath (Bass)
- Connie Kay (Drums)
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What is the Modern Jazz Quartet likened to?
a classical chamber group
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WHat was Guenther Schuller?
Orchestral conductor, composer, jazz musician, and promoter of jazz as a legitimate art form.
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What style period is Guenther Schuller associated with?
Cool Jazz/ Third Stream
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During the earl 1960s, _____ was embraced by Northern American audiences, through jazz musicians.
Bossa Nova
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What is Bossa Nova?
a Brazilian style of music
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Who are the founding composers/contributers of Bossa Nova?
Antonio Carlos Jobim and Joao Gilberto
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Antonio Carlos Jobim is associated with what style period?
Cool Jazz/ Bossa Nova
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Joao Gilberto is associated with what style period?
Cool Jazz/ Bossa Nova
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Bossa Nova contains what musical characteristics?
It retains the cool aesthetics of relaxed feel, less emphasis on rhythm, and very little influence from blues and gospel
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What recording marked the height of popularity of the Bossa Nova craze?
The Girl from Ipanema
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The Girl from Ipanema featured what artists?
Stan Gets, Joao and Astrud Gilberto
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Who won a Grammy for record of the year for The Girl from Ipanema?
Getz/Gilberto
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Despite short poularity and relatively few artists, bossa nova....
has remained in the jazz standard repertoire
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What stye period is Norman Granz associated with?
Cool Jazz
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What did Norman Granz do?
LA based producer and promoter
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What is Norman Granz known for?
Anti-racist policy, booking equally for black and white musicians (salary, accommodations, record contracts)
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What did Norman Granz organize?
Jazz at the Philharmonic (JATP) tours, records, concerts
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What are the dates for Hard Bop?
1955-1960
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Describe Hard Bop
Reaction against cool Jazz, strong backbeat from drums, driving rhythms, extensive influence from blues and gospel
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In Reaction to Cool jazz movement, musician wanted to do what?
continue playing bebop, but with the hard driving rhythms of African American blues and gospel music
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Hard Bop opposes _______ of Cool Jazz.
the light tone, relaxed feel
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What does Hard Bop favor?
driving rhythms, aggressive soloists, and traditional African American music
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Clifford Brown and Max Roach are both players from a ______ background.
bebop
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What instrument did Clifford Brown play?
Trumpet
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Clifford Brown and Max Roach are associated with what style period?
Hard Bop
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Who was a leading example of clean living in jazz until his death at 25?
Clifford Brown
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What artist is still considered one of the leading trumpet players?
Clifford Brown
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What does Max Roach do with the drums?
defines them as a soloistic instrument
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Max roach was later very vocally involved in what?
civil rights movement
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What are Hard Bop musical characteristics?
- reaction against cool
- strong backbeat from drums, driving rhythms
- Extensive influence from blues and gospel
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What Historical/Social Context were going on during the Hard Bop period?
- Civil Rights Movement gaining momentum
- -Rosa Parks (1955)
- -MLK begins practicing non-violent protests and founds Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
- -Malcom X establishing multiple Nation of Islam temples nation wide
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What musical instrument did Art Blakey play?
Drums
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What style period was art Blakey associated with?
Hard Bop
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What band did Art Blakey have?
Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers
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Art Blakey was a drummer and a __.
Bandleader
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The Messengers changed members every few years, what did the band always feature?
young talent
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What did Art Blakey's band (The Jazz Messengers) serve as?
a training ground for up and coming talents in the modern jazz scene
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What Alumni are part of the Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers?
Horace Silver, Wayne Shorter, Wynton Marsalis, Clifford Brown, Curtis Fuller, Stanley Clarke, etc...
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Describe the musical style of Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers.
Performed in traditional styles, featuring works by composers in the group
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What style period is Horace Silver associated with?
Hard Bop
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Horace Silver played what instrument?
piano
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Besides playing piano, what else did Horace Silver do?
composer and bandleader
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What did Horace Silver's band feature?
Like Art Blakey, his band constantly featured young up and coming talent.
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What do Horace Silver's compositins range from?
simple to complex, many now jazz standards
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What comps did Horace Silver record?
- Sister Sadie
- The Preacher
- Peace
- Senor Blues
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What style period is Sonny Rollins associated with?
Hard Bop
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What instrument did Sonny Rollins play?
Tenor Sax
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This artist is considered the leading saxophonist of the hard bop period.
Sonny Rollins
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Who was Sonny Rollins deeply influenced by?
Charlie Parker
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The pianoless trio is associated with whom?
Sonny Rollins
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Why did Sonny Rollins not use a piano in his trio?
felt that a chordal accompanist limits harmonic possibilites
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This artist was constantly frustrated and self critical, and as a result, took many sabbaticals to improve playing
Sonny Rollins
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In Miles Davis' Hard Bop Band, he what did he retain?
his signature sound (use of space, simple melodies, signature harmon mute) in cool jazz and hard bop groups
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Who was part of Miles Davis' first great quintet/sextet?
- Cannonball Adderley (alto sax)
- John Coltrane (Tenor Sax)
- Red Garland (Piano)
- Paul Chambers (Bass)
- "Philly Joe" Jones (Drums)
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What instrument did Cannonball Adderley play?
Alto Sax
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Cannonball Adderley was more ___ oriented when he played.
bebop
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What did Miles Davis' quintet/sextet define?
the hard-bop and cool jazz sounds in the 1950s
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Like Hard Bop, _____ is also a reaction to cool jazz.
Soul Jazz
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What is Soul Jazz heavenly influenced by?
blues, gospel, rhythm and blues (R&B), and popular soul music
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What does Soul jazz feature?
Organ, often in an organ trio setting (organ, guitar, drums)
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What organ did Soul Jazz organists usually play?
Hammond B-3
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Soul Jazz Musicians
- Organists: Les McCann, "Brother" Jack McDuff, Jimmy Smith, Shirley Scott
- Saxophonists: Stanley Turrentine
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Three of the most loved jazz albums by Miles Davis are....
- Miles Ahead
- Porgy and Bess
- Stretches of Spain
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Who recorded "I Fall in Love too Easily?"
Chet Baker
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Who recorded "A Trumpet"?
Stan Kenton
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Stan Kenton's "A Trumpet" is considered what type of jazz?
progressive
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What instrument did Guenther Schuller play?
French Horn
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What is the biggest third stream group?
Modern Jazz Quartet
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Who is the second most prolific composer?
Jobim
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This artist died in a car accident, and only recorded between ages of 21 and 25.
Clifford Brown
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Who recorded "Kiss and Run"?
Clifford Brown and Max Roach
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Hard bop musicians wanted to have more ______ than Bebop musicians.
of a groove feeling
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What kind of soloing style did Sonny Rollins have?
Motivic soloing style
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What is a motivic soloing style?
Take a motiv (a little diddy) and mess with or change it up for a while
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Sonny Rollins was a ______ addict for a long time.
heroin
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J. J. Johnson plays what instrument?
trombone
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Who recorded "Cranky Spanky"
Art Blakey
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What instrument did Wayne Shorter play?
Sax
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What instrument did Freddie Hubbard play?
Trumpet
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Who was Art Blakey's protege?
Horace Silver.
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Who recorded "Serenade to a Soul Sister"?
Horace Silver
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Joe Henderson is associated with what style period?
Hard Bop
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What instrument did Joe Henderson play?
Tenor Sax
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Who was Joe Henderson influenced by?
Rollins and Getz
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Who recorded "Flamingo Stretches"?
Miles Davis
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What instrument did Wes Montgomery play?
Electric Guitar
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What did Wes Montgomery play his guitar with?
thumb instead of a pick
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Known as one of the few prominent guitar soloists of the 1950s and one of the best in jazz history
Wes Montgomery
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How did wes Montgomery play the guitar?
playing single line melodies and octaves
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What is the difference b/w soul jazz and Hard-bop?
featuring of the organ in soul jazz
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Who are the big bandleaders of the 1950s?
Thad Jones and Maynard Ferguson
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What instrument did Thad jones play?
trumpet
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What instrument did Maynard Ferguson play?
trumpet
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Describe Thad Jones' and his big band
- harmonically daring solo improv and comps/arrangements
- thick voicings
- featured top players throughout history
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Describe Maynard Ferguson and his big band
- Kenton band alum
- trumpet screamer
- bright, brassy sounds, commercial material
- known more for technique than solo ability
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How are cool jazz and hard bop similar?
- small group
- instrumentation stays the same
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Describe the soloists of the hard bop era.
aggressive soloists, that play very busy lines
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What is Miles Davis primarily known as?
a great bandleader
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Many of the musicians whose work has been called, "cool" were influenced by whom?
Lester Young and Count Basie
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Stan Gets and Miles Davis were both inspired by _____.
Lester Young
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Who created a modern jazz alternative to bop?
Lennie Tristano
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What did Lee Konitz develop and maintain?
his own Tristano-inspired style at a time when most other young alto saxophonists were imitating Charlie Parker
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led the best known succession of big bands in modern jazz, and e presented repertories that spanned several eras and featured numerous styles
Stan Kenton
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The term "hard bop" was coined by jazz pianist-teacher-scholar _____.
John Mehegan.
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What 4 categories of jazz has the term hard bop been applied to?
- 1. a gradual continuation of bop
- 2. a highly singable, bop-based music that, dubbed "funky jazz" and "soul jazz," that has melodies with bluesy, gospel-like features and has accompaniments of simple, repetitive figures, some of which are Latin American.
- 3. An extremely hard driving later development with roots in bop that often involved composing pieces using origianal chord progression and improvising lines.
- 4. A new approach emerging in the 1960s that was based mostly on original concepts that were not part of the concurrent "free jazz" movement.
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By the 1970s, the majority of young trumpeters, including Woody Shaw and Randy Brecker, were imitatng whom?
Freddie Hubbard
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Where did Freddie Hubbard's early playing draw from?
Clifford Brown, Miles Davis, and Chet Baker
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Difference in Miles Davis' and Freddie Hubbard's playing?
- Davis got away from the beat, hubbard stuck close to the beat and liked to double time. Hubbard's sense of time is unusally precise and extremely firm.
- Davis manner was olemn and methodical, while Hubbard's work sounds off-handed and playful.
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What demanding technique did Freddie Hubbard master?
lip trill
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without changing fingering or shaking the trmpet, he rapidly alternated, in legato manner, intervals of a minor third, moving the bottom note instepwise fashion.
Lip trill
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What became a trademark of Freddie Hubbard's highly virtuosic style?
lip trill
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How is Cannonball Adderley's style like Charlie Parkers?
highly fluid, supercharged, and unpredictable
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What 8 components can Miles Davis' playing style being divided into?
- 1. alternating pitch and tone quality
- 2. frequent use of a Harmon mute
- 3. using silence as an effective dramatic device
- 4. generate lines that are free from a sense of strict tempo and swing feeling
- 5. an acute sensitivity in paraphrasing melodies
- 6. Mastery of economy and succinctness
- 7. the cluster of traits possess by his tone quality and preference for pitch range.
- 8. an overriding concern with sound texture in his trumpet style and the concepts of sound
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