Microbiology Exam 2

A hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

disease causing microbe

organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Keeps microbes in but air out - invented by Pasteur

Experimental steps t prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

established the system of scientific nomenclature.

Reported that living things were composed of little boxes of cells (which were monks rooms)

Descrived lice microorganisms that he ovserved in teeth scrapings, rain water, feces, etc.

Said cells arise from preexisting cells

Demonstrated that micro organisms are present in the air

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another

Proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided that experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes specific diseases.

Inoculated a person with cowpox virus. Ther person was then protected from small pox

Developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat sphilis

Discovered the first antibiotic.

the smallest quantity of an element that can take part in a chemical
reaction

The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and
physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more
atoms

Any of a group of complex compounds found in all living cells and
viruses, composed of purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, and phosphoric
acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNA and RNA control cellular
function and heredity

are essential for cell structure and function

Provide energy by releaseing bond energy and carbon to build new molecules. E.g. Sugars

Store large amounts of energetic bonds efficiently. E.g. Fats

the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens

classifies bacteria into gram-pos and gram-neg bacteria

the ability of a microscope, telescope, or other optical instrument to
produce separate images of closely placed objects

To treat (specimens for the microscope) with a reagent or dye that makes
visible certain structures without affecting others

one circular chromosome, not in the membrane
no organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
binary fission

Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Organelles
Polysaccharides cell walls
mitotic spindle

membrane is as viscous as olive oil
Proteins move to function

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Solute combines witha transporter protein in the membrane

a stubstance require a transporter protien and ATP

water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged

water moves out of the cell causing its cytoplasm to shrink

The sugar coat, made of polysaccharides

Resting cells, that are resistant to desiccation heat and chemicals

Allow attachment

Are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another. AKA bacterial sex

clusters

chains

The energy releasing processes

The energy using processes

when a protein can no longer function

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is colecular oxygen. (Uses Oxygen0

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2, is part of the kerbs cycle. (no oxygen)

releases energy for oxidation of organic molecules,.
Does NOT require oxygen

Lactic acid, ethanol, propionic acid, etc

microbial contamination

the absence of significant contamination

removal of all microbial life

removal of pathogens

lower microbial counts on eating utensils

A chemical agent, such as a pesticide, that is capable of destroying
living organisms.

An agent, such as a chemical or
biological material, that inhibits bacterial growth.

Depends on: number of microbes, environment, them of exposure, and microbial characteristics

How does alchohol used as a disinfectant

a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule
to the messenger RNA.

The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a
growing polypeptide during protein synthesis.

To block (transcription of a gene) by combination of a protein to an
operator gene.

To cause an increase in the transcription of the RNA of (a gene).

Enzymes are expressed at a fixed rate, always produced

A change in genetic material

The alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from
another bacterial cell, especially a pathogen.

The natural formation in offspring of
genetic combinations not present in parents, by the processes of
crossing over or independent assortment.

Sharing of genetic information

The science of classifying organisms

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are part of the?

concerns the origins of mitochondria and plastids (e.g. chloroplasts),which are organelles of eukaryotic
cells. According to this theory, these organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms which were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts.

A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

a key used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents
descriptions of two distinguishing characters, with a direction to
another stage in the key, until the species is identified

ribosomal RNA

A branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches
represent specific species of organisms. It is used to illustrate
phylogenetic relationships and show points at which various species have
diverged from common ancestral forms.

an organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic
compounds

the study of fungi

Any of various fungi that often cause disintegration of organic matter.

A type of body found among plants and fungi that is not differentiated
into roots, stems, or leaves

Any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus.

unicellular fungi, fission divide symmetrically, budding dicide asymmetrically

Existing or occurring in two distinct forms;

an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and
an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths
on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum
of fungi

unicellular, chemoheterotrophs, vegatatie for mis trophozoite, asexual reproducion and sexual, produce cysts

Eukaryotic, multicellular animals, kingdom; animalia (flat worms, round worms)

the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place

a host that is used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle

what is 200 x 20nm?

what is 10,000 nm

How can you grow viruses in a laboratory?

Phage causees lysis and death of host cell, virus replicates unrestrictedly

Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA

viruses attach to cell membrane

nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble

the study of disease

the study of the cause of disease

the developement of disease

colonization of the body by pathogens

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Permanently colonized the host, such as the intestines

the relationship between two organisms, such as a human and bacteria

one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected

both organisms benefit

one organism is benefited at the expense of the other

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

a disease that is spread from one host to another

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

disease that occurs occasionally in a population (west nile)

disease constatnly present in a population

diesease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

worldwide epidemic

disease that symptoms develope rapidly

disease that developes slowly

disease witha period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

an infection throughout the body

systemic infection that began as a locan infection

bacteria in the blood

growth of bacteria in the blood

hospital accuired infection

portals of entry

Infectious dose for 50% of the test population

Lethal Dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population

Portals of exit

Lack of resistance to a disease

ability to ward off disease

defenses against any pathogen

immnity, resistance to a specific pathogen

ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes

A substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

Proteins made in response to an Antigen; can combine with that Antigen

has become a widely accepted model for how the immune system responds to infection
and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for destruction of specific antigens
invading the body.

inoculation of cowpox into skin (cross reactivity)

resluts when most of a population is immune to a disease

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and accellular pertussis combination
vaccine.

vaccine that is absolutely not alive and can not replicate

a vaccine that is alive, but changed a little

What are the four harmful immune responses?

A glycoprotein on the surface of helper T cells that serves as a
receptor for HIV.

A chemokine receptor; defects in its structure caused by genetic
mutation cause the progression of AIDS to be prevented or slowed.

In what fluids can HIV be transmitted

A substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

ToxDose50/EffDose50

an antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of infectious
microorganisms.

An agent that destroys bacteria

preventing bacteria from growing and multiplying but possibly not
killing them.

A drug that is similar to the drug from which it is derived.

Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

inhibits DNA Synthesis (malaria)

Damages DNA (entamoeba, trichomonas)

alters membrane permeability (flatworms)

inhibits nutrient absorbtion (intestinal round worms)

Paralyzes worm (intestinal round worm)

cytosin analog interferes with RNA synthsis

used for superficial mycoses

Used for athletes foot; action unknown

4 recomendations by the CDC for "safer sex"

A disease which can be spread from animals to humans.

An inanimate object or substance, such as clothing, furniture, or soap,
that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual
to another.

The branch of medicine that deals with
the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in
populations.

any abnormal condition that follows and is the result of a disease,
treatment, or injury, such as paralysis after poliomyelitis, deafness
after treatment with an ototoxic drug, or scar formation after a
laceration.

Cystitis is defined as inflammation of the urinary bladder.

an inflammation of the kidney and upper urinary tract that usually
results from noncontagious bacterial infection of the bladder