Systems

Humans seek rewards and avoid punishments

Social Exchange: ability to obtain profits in a relationship is contingent on the ability to provide others with rewards, regulated by norms of reciprocity and fairness.

• Rewards: pleasures,satisfactions, and gratifications the person enjoys.
• Resources: any commodity,material or symbolic, that can be transmitted through interpersonal behavior and gives one person the capacity to reward another.
• Costs: punishments experienced or rewards foregone as a result of engaging in one behavior or course of action rather than another.

Blau, social rewards: Personal attraction, Social acceptance, social approval, instrumental services, repsect/prestige, complia/power

Foa, resources: love, status, services, goods, information, money

Blau, costs: investments, direct, opportunity

Satisfaction: evaluation of the outcomes (equal to rewards obtained minus the costs incurred) avail in a relationship.

comparison level (CL): explain how experiences and expectations help to evaluate outcomes

Comparison level for alternatives: why ind stay or leave in a relationship, the lowest level of outcome a person will accept from a relationship in light of available alternatives, supjective, dependence

Dependence: the degree to which a person believes that they are subject to or reliant on the other for relationship outcomes.

Exchange relationships are governed by orientations and rules that clarify what’s acceptable and appropriate behavior.

• Normative orientations: the societal views on acceptable and appropriate behavior in relationships.
• Norms of fairness: the degree of proportionality
• expected in a relationship.

Holism: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

• Self-reflexivity: the ability to make themselves and
• their own behavior the object of examination and the target of explanation.
• Self-monitoring: cybernetic reflexivity

• First-order change: change at the individual level
• without changing the structure/system
• Second-order change: change at the system level; the entire system is reorganized into new transactional patterns

• Circumplex model: integrates family systems theoretical concepts into a systematic model
• 3dimensions:
• family cohesion: emotional bonding toward one another (emotional bonding, degree of individiual autonomy) 4level (disengaged, separated, connected, enmeshed)
• Family flexibility: amount of change in response to stress 4levels (rigid, structured, flexible, chaotic)
• Family Communication: facilitating dimension (listening, speaking, self-disclosure, clarity)

Tuskegee Syphilis Study: African American denied treatment for 40years.

Belmont Report: 1979, guidelines for research studies to have Inst Review Board

Guiding principles: respect for persons (autonomous agents, entitled to protection, informed concent), beneficence (charity, do no harm) , justice (benefits)

IRB: review, resource for compliance, protection, monitor

Survey: (easy, cheap, more participants) (literal meaning, pragmatic meaning) closed ended, open-ended

Experimental Designs: deterministic, manipulating ind variable (control, can determine causality)

Observational design: complete participant (undercover, w/o), complete observer (astronomical, w/o knowledge), participant oberver (w/knowledge, inform

Unobtrusive (nonreactive research): artifacts, existing statistics, content analysis

Gender role: refers to behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that culture deems appropriate for males and females

Gender identity: refers to how a person accepts the culture’s prescribed gender roles; how an individual adapts the expected gender to role to his or her identity; the degree to which an individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine

• Gender stereotypes: encompass the cultural beliefs about ‘what’ gender roles are and ‘how’ these role should be enacted. It tends to reflect culture’s belief
• about the ways in which men and women behave

Gender socialization: refers to the specific messages and practices we receive from our culture concerning the nature of being a male or a female, of being female or masculine

Gender Differences Hypothesis: holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables (minimal)--motor performacnes, sexuality, phy agressiveness

Sociobiology or the biosocial theory: both biology and society have affect, bio differences (on average), social influences can counteract

Social Learning Theory: behavior is learned, children learn gender roles taughty by parents, observe and imitate gender, parent reward/punish gender

Symbolic Interaction theory: —Masculinity is socially/culturally constructed set of beliefs, values, and opinions that shape manly character or manliness. How man should act/behave

—Femininity refers to qualities, behaviors, and attitudes that are deemed by a particular culture to be ideally appropriate for girls and women.

Cross Cultural view on gender: —The view of men as instrumental and women as expressive was based on images of white, middle-class heterosexuals.

• Psychologist Fehr believed that each of us acquires a model in our own families of origin of what love is and what it is not.
• Central features: trust, care, honesty, friendship, respect, desire for well-being, loyalty, committment, accepting, support, disire company, consideration/interest

Reiss wheel theory of love: rapport, self-revelaiton, mutual dependency, personal need fulfillment

Sternberg, triagle theory of love: nonlove, empty love, liking, infatuated love, compationate, fatuous, romantic, consummate

Lee Love Styles: eros (erotic, intense), storge (companionate, affection), pragma (practical, assets/liabiltities), agape (altruistic, sascrifice), ludus (fun), mania (crazy)

3things love isnt: martyring (self-sacrifice), manipulating (control), limerence (obsession)