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Location: Cerebrum of brain
Junction between CNS and Endocrine System
Hormones: GHRH, GHIH, CRH, TRH, GnRH,PRH,PIH
Hypothalumus
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Location: Base of the brain
Size of a pea, 2 lobes(Anterior/Posterior)
Posterior: Responds to nerve impulse from hypothalumus
Hormones: Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
-Causes retention of body water
Oxytocin
-Causes uterine contraction and lactation
Anterior(Master Gland): Responds to hypothalamic hormones
Hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic(ACTH)-Adrenal cortexes
Thyroid(TSH)-targets thyroid
Follicle(FSH)- gonads/sex organs
Luteinizing(LH)- gonads
Prolactin(PRL)-mammary glands(women)
Growth Hormone(GH)- targets all body cells
Pituitary Gland
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Location: neck(anterior, just below larynx)
2 lobes(on on each side of midline)
Hormones:
Thyroxine(T4)- stimulates cell metabolism
Triiodothyronine(T3) -stimulates cell metabolism
Calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels
Thyroid Gland
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Location: neck
very small(diameter max 5mm/35-40 mg (wt)
Hormones:
Parathyroid(PTH)-increases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Glands
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Location: behind the sternum
Immune system development in children
Hormone:
Thymosin-promotes maturation of T lymphocytes
Thymus Gland
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Location: Behind the stomach between the duodenum and spleen
Hormones:
Glucagon- increases blood glucose
Insulin- decreases blood glucose
Information:
Islets of Langerhans(endocrine tissue)
Alpha cells(25%, glucagon secretion)
Beta cells(60%, insulin)
Delta cells(10%, somatostatin)
Pancreatic acini(exocrine tissue)
Pancreas
-
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose, primarily by liver cells
Glycogenolysis
-
converision of protein and fat to form glucose
Gluconeogenesis
-
Location: superior surface of kidneys
Two portions: Adrenal Medulla(Inner):
secretes epinephrine(adrenalin)/norepinephrine in to the blood stream.
Adrenal Cortex(Outer):
secretes three classes of steroidal hormones.
Glucocoticoids-inhibits inflammatory reactions/immune responses.Respnsible for healing
Mineralocorticoids-contribute to salt and fluid balance
Androgenic hormones-
Adrenal Gland
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Location: roof of the thalamus
Function: Biological clock, mood
Hormones: Melatonin
Pineal Gland
-
the hormone glucagon drives an increase in blood glucose
Glucagon
-
complex carb that is the primary source for blood glucose produced between meals
Glycogen
-
breaks glycogen down into it's component glucose molecules
Glycogenolysis
-
new glucose molecules are synthesized for non sugar sources
Glucomeogensis
-
inadequate insulin activity(production or cell responsiveness)
Diabetes Mellitus
-
"building up" phase of metablolism
Anabolism
-
"breaking down" phase of metablolism
Catabolism
-
compounds produced during the catabolism of fatty acids, including acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone
Ketone Bodies
-
the presence of significant quanties of ketone bodies in the blood
Ketosis
-
deficiency of blood glucose(insulin shock)
below 80 mg/dL
Hypoglycemia
-
excessive blood glucose
greater 180 mg/dL
Hyperglycemia
-
greatly increased urination and dehydration due to high glucose levels in the blood
Osmotic Diuresis
-
formation and secretion of large amounts of urine
Diuresis
-
glucose in urine
Glycosuria
-
A. excessive urination
B. excessive thrist
C. excessive hunger
- A. Polyuria
- B. Polyidipsia
- C. Polyphagia
-
Kussmauls Respirations(to rid body of excess CO2)
Body burns fat
High keytone levels
Fruity Odor Breath(Acetone)
Poly Trifecta
Rapid pulse/low BP
Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA)
-
Type 2 diabetes complication
high blood glucose
severe dehydration
decreased mental status
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma(HHNK)
-
excessive thyroid hormones resulting in body changes associated with increased metabolism; primary cause of thyrotoxicosis.
Grave's Disease
-
Enlargement of thyroid gland
Goiter
-
long term exposure to inadequate levels of thyroid hormones. Doughy edematous skin typical of myxedema
Myxedema
-
excess adrenocortical hormones. Weight gain,moon face, upper back fat, mood swings
Cushings Syndrome
-
deficient adrenocortical activity. Hyperpigmentation
Addison's disease
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