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3 parts of cell theory
- 1.) All organisms are made up of cells. 2.) The
- cell is the most basic unit of life. 3.) All
- cells come from other living cells.
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exceptions to cell theory
- 1 viruses (alive, if attached to a host cell, but not made of cells)
- 2 chloroplasts and mitochondria (can reproduce independently, not a cell)
- 3 the first cell (did not come from other living cells)
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Leeuwenhoek
- 1632-1723
- First to observe living cells and microorganisms under microscope
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Hooke
- 1635-1708
- Gave name "cells"
- Studied structures in cork
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Scheiden
- 1838
- all plants are comprised of cells
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Schwann
- 1839
- all animals are comprised of cells
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Virchow
- 1855
- every cell originates from another cell
- ("omnis cellula a cellula")
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Hypotonic
- solution whose concentration of dissolved sunstances (solute) is less than that of the cell (more solvents)
- less than .9% saline (NaCl)
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Hypertonic
- solution whose concentration of dissolved sunstances (solute) is more than that of the cell (less solvents)
- more than .9% saline (NaCl)
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Isotonic
- solution whose concentration of dissolved sunstances (solute) is equal to that of the cell (same solvents)
- equal to .9% saline (NaCl)
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Osmotic pressure
Pressure resultant from the movement of water (osmosis)
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Endocytosis
- (active)
- import of material--> formation of vesciles
- pinocytosis (drinking) and phagocytosis (eating)
- VESICLES
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Cell fractionation
- Rotation, separates out certain organelles
- large nucleus and unbroken cells at the bottom at the tube when centrifuged
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Cilia
- numerous
- small
- movement of fluids/particles thru wave movement
- made of microtubules
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Flagella
- Few
- large
- movement of the cell
- ex: sperm cell
- "beating movement"
made of microtubules
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Endosymbiotic hypothesis
- Anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryote "ate" an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote, this creating the first eukaryotic cell
- The aerobic heterotroph prokaryote became a mitochondria
- Then "ate" cyanobacteria--> chloroplasts
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Symbiotic
Interdependent relationship
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Sodium potassium pump
- Sodium out, potassium in
- Uses ATP (active)
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Exocytosis
- export of material
- vesicle fuses w/ cell membrane, materials leave cell
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Things only is plant cells
- One large vacuole (careful: animal cells also have vacuoles, but they're smaller)
- Chloroplasts
- Cell wall
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Eukaryote
Nuclear membrane, membrane-bound organelles, defined nucleus
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Turgor pressure
Pressure in hypotonic plant cells
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Things only is animal cells
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Cell size
Smaller cell= bigger percentage penatrated
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Solutes and solvents
- solute: water
- solvent: salt
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Facilitated diffusion
- "facilitated" by carrier proteins (integral proteins)
- PASSIVE
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Diffusion
- Movement across membrane
- with concentration gradient
- Passive
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Osmosis
- Movement across membrane
- with concentration gradient
- Passive
- Only applies to water
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Active transport
- Endocytosis and exocytosis
- Uses ATP
- against concentration gradient
- *ions normally don't transport passively, but will actively (think 3 sodium ions out, 2 potassium ions in)
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Homoginization
the process of opening up cells
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Mitosis
- Cell division
- (centrioles)
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Cyclosis
- Movement of cytoplasm, circling around inside cell
- Aids biochem processes
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Cell membrane
- Bilipid layer, integral and peripheral proteins
- Semi-permiable
- Fluid mosaic
- Regulation
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Cell wall
- Permeable
- Rigidity
- Nonliving
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Endomembrane system
- Nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, vesicles
- all involved in protein synthesis process
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Nuclear envelope/membrane
- Cover nucleus
- provides protection and regulation for nucleus
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Actin
- mesh-like networks
- a protein
- in microfiliments
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Microvilli
function: increase cell surface area
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Golgi
- Network of curved sacs
- receives protein and lipid filled vesicles from the ER
- May also be involved in secretion
- Membrane contains proteins
- Storage and packaging
think wifi symbol
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Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
- Made in nucleolus
- Made of RNA and proteins
- Found in rough ER, cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm
- All inside cell, outside nucleus
- Cytosol (fluid) watery enviro
- Suspends organelles provides regulated enviro for biochem processes
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Mitochondria
- "Powerhouse"
- Double membrane
- Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- releases from food molecules, creates ATP
- Cristae: surface area infolds
- Matrix: inside
Think: Bald man's head
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Nuclear pore
- protein-lined channel
- regulates the transportation of molecules in/out of nucleus
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Centrioles
- Involved in mytosis
- Spindle formation
- Pull chromosomes
- ONLY ANIMALS
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Vesicle
- Membranous sac that stores substances (and can transport)
- Small
*Won't be drawn with anything inside
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Vacuole
- Membranous sac that stores substances (and can transport)
- Large(r than vesicle)
- One is plant, many in animal
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Cytoskeleton
- Provides structure
- Microfiliments: actin (cytosis)
- Microtubules: tubulin (larger, move vesicles)
- --> cilia and flagella
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Grana
- in mitochondria
- groupings of thylakoids
- chloroplasts here
- site of light reactions
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Stroma
- in mitochondria
- everything not grana
- glucose made here
- dark reactions
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Chromatin
the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell
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Nucleus
Genetic control and reproduction
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Nucleolus
- Site of ribosome synthesis
- multiple: nucleoli
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Rough ER
- Protein synthesis
- Network of channels
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Smooth ER
- RIGHT outside nucleus
- non-protein synthesis (phospholipid synthesis)
- network of channels
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Lysosomes
- ONLY animal cells
- Vesicles produced by golgi
- Small saclike structures containing digestive enzymes
- "Suicide sacs" to break down worn cell parts
- Lysosomal storage disease: lack of some enzymes Function: digestion
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Chloroplasts
- Have chlorophyll
- Photosynthesis
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