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define sex
biological traits of men and women
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define gender
social, cultural and psychological traits linked to males and females
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define transgendered
- gender identity doesnt match sex assigned at birth
- ex-crossdresser
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define transsexual
opposite sex from birth which usually causes them to change appearance or operate
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what is compulsory heterosexuality
you should only like genders of opposite sex
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define sexuality:
activities that are intended to lead to erotic arousal
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what are sexual scripts?
tell us how to behave sexually
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explain sexual continuum:
- 7 point scale
- bisexual is default way of being
- world is not divided into sheeps and goats
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what is sexual orientation?
way a person derives sexual pleasure
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what do essentialists observe?
- believe gender is an essence i nhuman beings
- male-female difference is sexual scripts, mate selection, sexual agression, jealousy etc...
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what are the most popular variants of essentialism?
- brain studies
- sociobiology
- freud theory
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what do the brain studies of essentialism suggest
- left hemisphere associated with language and right with visual and spatial skills
- right hemisphere dominant in men
- bundle fibres connecting hemisphere more abbundant in women allow them to have more feeling
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what does sociobiology of essentialism suggest
most feminine women and masculine men had better chance of surviving and passing genes to offspring
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what does freud suggest
- children at age 5 pay attention to genitals
- gender differences in personality and behaviour from natomical sex differences is what children observe around age 3
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what are social contructionists
gender and sexuality are products of social structure and culture and not of biological properties
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what are the three changes that led to gender inequality according to coial contructionists
- warfare and conquest
- plow agriculture
- seperation of public and private spheres
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describe long distance warfare and conquest:
- women should be ruled by men
- laws reinforced womens sexual, economic and political subjugation to men
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describe plow agriculture
made men more powerful in society due to men being stronger then women
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describe seperation of public and private spheres
while men went public women ramined in private sphere
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what is the first critique of essentialism
- ignore cultural and historical variability of gender and sexuality
- margaret mead focused on rape and men typically display feminine behaviour
- society and culture change rapidly without any apparent genetic change
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what is second critique for essentialism
- essentialist ignore the fact that gender differences are declining rapidly and in some cases already dissapeared
- 165 studies verbal ability representing 1.4 million found no difference verbal ability
- 100 studies mathematics representing 4 million showed difference favoring females
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what is third critique for essentialism
- research evidence by essentialist flawed
- sociobiologist hacnt found genes for unequal division of labour between men and women
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what is fourth critique of essentialism
- essentialist tend to generalize from the average, ignoring variations within gender groups
- male and female arent really that different
- women a little more agressive then men
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what is 5th critique of essentialism
- essentialist exaggerate to the degree to which gender differences are unchangeable
- egalitarian society reduce age gap in relationships
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what is the sixth critique of essentialism
- essentialist offer explanation for gender differences that ignore role of power
- some groups such as men are in greater power than other groups such as women
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define double work day
female do their actual job and then household chores
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defone sex segregation
- male successful at certain work more then females
- result of sex typing
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define sex typing
- given occupation appropriate for one sex versus other
- women doctor, male babysitter
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define glass ceiling
invisible barrier that prevent women to get to high levels
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define non stnadard work
part time work, no benefits, part year, self employment, multiple jobs
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define power
ability to impose will on others
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define prestige
social ranking and respect
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define wealth
economic resources to pay for neccessities of life
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why have women become involved in labour force since 1961
- increase demand for service sector workers
- decrease number children born
- liberal attitude toward women in workplace
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what are four reasons why women earn less then men
- less education, experience and senority
- involved in sex seggregated non standard work
- discrimination-same job and women earn less
- devaluation of work performed by women
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what is meta analysis?
take all studies and examine differences
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females earn approx ___% of what males do
75
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what are the two sources of women opression?
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explain social feminism
- change two societies to make more egalitarian
- social feminist believe laws of the state can be changed for positive social change in society
- capitalist and patriarchy must be altered or eliminated to free women
- capitalist benefit from women's work
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explain radical feminism
- capitalism has little to do w/ female opression
- women are opressed b/c they are women and its a male state
- men are agressive and need to dominate women
- state is enemy
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what does findlay argue?
one weight shows people characters and if a women cant control her weight how can she control a corporation
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Findlay
According to new england journal of medicine, overweight women were ____% less likely to marry and ___% more likely to live in poverty
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what do sociologists examine in regards to social self
- I-action, subjective
- Me- objective
- generalized other- norms of society
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what did mathews find from her reading
- girls suggested they wernt passive victims of beauty images
- looking better menas acces to social group and power
- other girls were most important audience
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what were the 4 groups mathew identified
- elite- look good, know it and enjoy it
- wannabees- want to chang to become elite
- life in the middle- didnt buy into all other stuff
- long term most personally satisfied individual
- fringe- very unhappy
- picked on
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