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Food presented to the dog
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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Dog salivating at the sight of food
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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Dog salivating because of the noise of a bell
Conditioned Response
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Bell Ringing
Conditioned Stimulus
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Palvoc
Conducted the Palvoc's dog experiment
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Simultaneous conditioning
- CS and UCS begin at the same time and end at the same time
- Ring the bell and present the food at the same time
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Short Delay conditioning
- Present the CS and wait couple of seconds then present the UCS
- Ring the bell then wait couple of seconds then present the food
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Trace Conditioning
- Present the CS and end it, then wait a while, then present the UCS
- Ring the bell and end it, wait a while, then present the food
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Which conditioning is the best?
Short Delay conditioning is the best because it gets the persons attention when you present the CS and make the person pay attention when you present the UCS
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What is required for a neutral stimulus to be effective?
- In order for a neutral stimulus to be effective, there must be 3 properties present
- Noble
- Unusual
- Intense
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Instinct
We tend to pay attention to things that are unexpected and different
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Unlearning a conditioned behavior
Extinction
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Properties of Extinction
- Does'nt happen instantly
- Don't unlearn something all at once
- Present the CS without the UCS
- Ring the bell witout the food
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Spontaneuous Recovery
The re-emergence of a conditioned behavior that has been previously extinguished
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Stimulus Generalization
Dog will respond to other noises or bells of a similar pitch to the bell
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Stimulus discrimination
The dog will discriminate between the sound of the cabinet and the time of day it occurs when feeding the dog
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Higher Order conditioning
- After something has been very well learned, it can be used as a UCS
- (we aren't born to desire money
- Power and success (UCS) are associated with money (CS)
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Can someone learn fear through classical conditioning
Yes, John Watson conducted an experiment on 'Little Albert"
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Little Albert
- Little Albert liked to play with white lab rats but then Watson conducted an experiment
- When the rat came out,along with it was a very loud noise that scared "little Albert'
- He then became scared of the white rat
- His stimulus generalized and became scared of everything that was white and furry like Santa Clause and Rabbits
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Operant Conditioing
The use of consequences to modify the occurance or form of behavior
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Shaping
- A method used to train people or animals
- Pigeons were shaped into playing ping pong
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Operant Extinction
Occurs when the response is no longer reinforced
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Reinforcement
Makes the behavior MORE likely to occur
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Punishment
Makes the behavior LESS likely to occur
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Positive Reinforcement
- Add something to make the behavior more likely to occur
- You give you kids money when they get good grades so your kids will continue to get good grades
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Negative Reinforcement
- You take something away to make the behavior more likely to occur
- You tell your kids that if they get good grades that they wouldnt have to do the dishes
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Positive Punishment
- You add something to make the behavior less likely to occur
- Your kid doesnt study so you hit or yell at him
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Negative Punishment
- You take something away to make the behavior less likely to occur
- Your kid doesnt study and always plays video games, so you take away the video games
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Continuous Reinforcement
Occurs everytime
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Sometimes Intermittent erinforcement
Much more effective for a behavior to last longer
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Ratio Schedule
Reinforce the behavior X times it occurs
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Interval Schedule
10 minutes after the behavior occurs
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2 types of negative reinforcement
Escape and Avoidance
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Escape
Remove yourself from the situation
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Avoid
- You avoid the situation
- You know there is going to be a fight at home so you dont go home, you avoid it
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What is required for a punishment to be maximum effective
It has to happen when the behavior occurs and rely little on punishment
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2 types of memory
Short and long term memory
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Short term memory
- Limited capacity (7 +/- 2 chunks)
- Information lasts 15-20 seconds without doing anything with the information
- Cannot be improved
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Long term memory
- Huge amount of capacity (limit unknown)
- memory lasts a human life span
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Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information and keeping it active in the short term memory
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Where are short and long term stored? in different places?
- Short and long term are both stored in the same place but are activated differently
- When the level of activation crosses a threshold, its in the short term memory, Quick and ready to access
- When the level of activation is below the threshold, then it is the long term memory, takes a little longer to retrieve
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How does information gets stored in the long term memory
- Elaborate rehearsal
- Taking the information and elaborating it by
- Associating the information
- Building, working with i
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Retrieval Cue
A stimulus that allows us to retrieve information from the long term memory
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What determines our ability to remember stuff?
is the match or similarity of the information thats in the retrieval and the information in the memory
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Cue dependent
- Failure to recall information
- Random information comes up instead
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Encoding specificity
Matching between the retrieval cue and memory that drives retrieval
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Encoding specificity- what is the detriment in the long term memory?
is the match between the information in the retrieval que and retrieval in the long term memory
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How accurate is the information that we recieve?
Not very accuarte, we may believe that we are accurate but in reality, we are not
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Construction
- Supplying our own detals about a memory event
- While hearing a story, you supplit the missing details based on your knowledge of events
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Reconstruction
- Retrieving the constructed information
- Used as Eye witness testimony
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Reasons why we cant remember something
- Its was stored wrong
- Got over writted
- Faded away
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Effort Justification
we put alot of effort into something and what we received out of it wasnt worth the effort
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Fear inducing works if the results are...
- Terror "Elect my opponent and we will go to war"
- Avoidable consequences "dont do drugs, say no"
- View fairly likely to occur unless taking the necessary steps
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Two types of persuasion
- Sender -sending the information
- Recievor - receiving the information
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One Sided Argument
- Only presenting one side of the argument
- This only works if the audience is ignorant about the information or if they agree with your argument
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Two sided argument
Only works if the audience is not convinced or if they know something about the information
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Rhetorical Argument
- You leave the audience to make the decision themselves which is very hard to do
- Only works if the audience is neutral and not biased
- Your argument is strong and compelling
- and the audience must do work and be devoted in doing so
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Receiver facts
- Characteristics about a persons attitude that you want to change
- If the person making the argument is more like you, the more convincing the argument is going to be
- "Be like Mike"
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Central Route
- Based on context
- Focuses on the products messages in ads
- Much difficult to be effective and produce long lasting results
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Peripheral route
- Being persuaded in a manner that is not based on arguments or the massage of content
- Can be very effective but attitude doesnt last long
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Latutude of acceptance
- People have attitude on something
- Range around what your attitude is
- Convinced to shift your attitude in the latitude
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Attribution
An answer to why something happens, why people act the way they are
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Actor
Engaging in the action
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Observer
Explaining the action
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When do people make attributions?
- only at certain circumstances
- event unusual or unexpected
- event has personal consequences for you
- People make attributions when asked too
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What attributions do people make?
Internal and external
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Internal Attribution
- About something internal about a person like their personality
- People tend to make internal about peoples behaviors
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External
- Locates the cause of the behavior of external
- People make externals about their own behavior
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Fundamental attribution error
Biased
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Defensive attribution
Something terrible happens to someone else you put yourself in that situation and say that it was her fault that she dressed that way. You would say that you wouldnt of dressed that way
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Attributions
basic pattern called fundamental attribution error
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Defense attribution
defending yourself of it not happening to you
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