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Name some animal behaviors (7 things)
- Increasing food supply ( territoriality )
- Reduce predation and competition ( hiding/running )
- Selecting habitats
- Surviving harsh environments ( nest building )
- Selecting mates
- Increasing offspring survival (parental care )
- Defending territories
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What is an example of defending territory?
Female tiger marking territory
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What is an example of a learned behavior?
Japanese macaques learned to wash food, they pass on this behaviors to offspring
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What is the cost-benefit analyses?
Behavior are based on the concept that animals have limited time and energy
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What are 3 requirements for adaptive traits (or natural selection.
- Variation trait - (individuals in a population )
- Heritable trait - (genetic basis)
- Differential survival and reproduction
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What are the adaptations of the coastal population of garter snakes?
- Live on land
- Feed on slugs
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What are the adaptations of the Inland population of garter snakes?
- Live in ponds
- Feed on frogs and fish
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Avoidance can be what type of behavior?
Adaptive, an absence of behavior
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Directly or indirectly?
1. Food, predator and parasite avoidance, refuge, etc.
2. Mating behavior ( acquisition of mates, offspring survival )
- Indirectly affect fitness
- Directly affects fitness
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What should natural selection to to the costs and benefits?
- Minimize costs
- Maximize benefits
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What are 6 costs of sexual reproduction?
- Mate location, energy costs, loss of gametes
- Competition among males ( usually )
- Increased risk of predation / disease
- Meiosis slower than mitosis
- Disruption of favorable gene combinations
- 50% of genes lost
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What are some aspects of asexual reproduction?
- 100 % of genes transferred
- Deleterious recessive genes protected
- Low costs and fast
- Widespread
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What are 3 hypotheses of why some use sexual reproduction?
- Removes accuulated mutations, repairs DNA
- Diversification of offspring - Tangled Bank hypothesis
- Keep pace with rapidly evolving parasites/disease - Red Queen hypothesis
- Partial support for all three
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Costs and benefits of males and females, why does natural selection work on them?
- Female gamete size > male gamete size
- Female investment in offspring > males (usually)
- Natural selection works differently on males and females of the same species
- Sexual selection
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Adaptations for sexual selection ( mating strategies ) in males
- Females are choosier unless there has been increasing investment then males become choosier.
- - males evolve strategies to attract females
- - males fight and expend energy to gain access to females
- - Males more promiscuous than females
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What are 4 things males to to cheat if it increases fitness?
- False displays / advertising
- Extra-pair copulations (DNA fingerprinting)
- Mate-guarding
- Chastity plugs ( squirrels )
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What is altruistic behavior?
A sense of unconditional concern for the welfare of others
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Give an example of an altruistic behavior.
Workers of social insects forego reproduction to help a queen reproduce.
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What is kin selection
A form of natural selection based upon genetic relatedness?
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What are 3 key concepts of kin selection?
- Individuals increase their own fitness by helping relatives ore even foregoing reproduction
- Degree of helping or sacrifice is positively correlated with relatedness
- natural selection based upon genetic relatedness
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What is a prediction about being adaptive?
If adaptive then not reproducing should increase individual fitness
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