AP Bio Chapter 8

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product

• Breakdown metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
• ex. cellular respiration

• Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
• Sometimes called Biosynthetic pathways

Study of how energy flows through living organisms

The capacity to cause change

Associated with the relative motion of objects

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Energy that matter posses because of its location or structure

Term used to refer to the potential energy available for release in a chemican reaction

Study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

• Energy of the universe is constant
• "Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed"
• ex. bear eating fish for use of running

Measure of disorder or randomness

• "Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe"
• ex. heat released of a bear while running affecting the air around

Process that can occur without an input of energy

• The portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell
• ▲G

• Proceeds with a net release of free energy
• Looses energy

• One that absorbs free energy from its surroundings
• Gains energy

• Chemical
• Transport
• Mechanical

Key feautre in the way cells manage their energy resources to do work by use of an exergonic process to drive an energonic one

Makes RNA

The recipient witht he phosphate group covalently bonded to it

• Macrocmolecule that acts as a catalyst
• (Special Protein

Chemical agen that speeds up a reacton without being consumed by the reaction

• The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction
• The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break
• E_A

The reactant an enzyme acts on

When enzyme binds to its substrate

• Restriced region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate
• Typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzymes where catalysis occurs

Shape fit to make the active site fit even more snugly around the substrate

Bound tightly to the enzyme as permanent residents, or binded loosely and reversibly along with the substrate

When cofactor is an orgain molecule

Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site