biochemistry module 3 buzz words

A, G, HX, X

C, U, T

btw C'1 of sugar and N9 of purine/N1 of pyrimidine; forms nucleoside

uses nucleotides

used by prot kinases to cov mod prot; E sources

activated intermed in glycogen and glycoprot synth

IC 2nd messengers of hormones

inhibits glycolytic enz

regulated by GTP

Bicarb, ammonium, aspartate

• CTP: RNA synth
• dCTP: DNA synth
• TMP: DNA synth

inhib by UTP

inhib by UMP, CMP

inhib by CTP

aspartate, CO2, glycine, glutamine, N10-formyl tetrahydrofolate, R5P

• ATP, GTP: RNA synth, prot synth, energy, metabolic intermed
• dATP, dGTP: DNA synth

• inhib by IMP, AMP, GMP
• act by PRPP

inhib by IMP, AMP, GMP

inhib by GMP

inhib by AMP

prod of thymidine synthetase (dTMP production) that is converted to tetrahydrofolate via dihydrofolate reductase; drug target to prevent NA synth

increased uric acid in serum (serum urate); causes precip of urate crystals

caused by precip of urate/uric acid; gout

kidney damage/ failure; caused by uric acid stones in kidney (hyperuricemia); gout

• focual urate deposits that are visible
• gout

relieves joint pain in gout

increases uric acid secretion from kidney; useful when hyperuricemia is due to decreased renal excretion (vs overproduction)

• inhibits XO; decreases uric acid production
• increases X and HX levels (can lead to decreased PRPP levels if HGPRT intact bc inhib pathway)

requires purine nuc for synth; def can lead to neurological problems; prob in Lesch-Nyhan disease

loss of B and T lymphocytes (SCIDs)

SCIDs; elevated adenosine and deoxyadenosine (toxic to lymphocytes)

blocks UTP, CTP prod; in hereditary orotic aciduria

in hereditary orotic aciduria; inhib carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2 (decreases orotate synth), improvement of anemia and decreased orotate secretion

inhib thymidylate synth, anti-cancer drug

inhib ribonucleotide reductase, anti-cancer drug

inhib de novo purine biosynth, anti-cancer drug

inhib dihydrofolate reductase, anti-cancer drug

inhib inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase in prolif T/B cells; prevents graft rejection

not synth in humans (have to get it from diet) but IS synth in bact

comp inhib in folic acid synth; therefore we can selectively inhib purine synth in bact and not affect our own purine synth

lipase converts TAGs to emulsion droplets; increases SA:V ratio

from liver; in gall bladder until we eat a meal, then it is released; bile acids are derivatives of cholesterol and act as detergents; mixes w/ FA and MAG in duodenum to form micelles (hence detergent property)

carries TAGs in blood until reaches delivery site

• activated by adrenaline, glucagon, ACTH
• inhibited by insulin

RLS; FA CoA to FA carnitine to go across mitochondria

metabolite of lysine; adds to FA CoA to carry it across mitochondrial membrane so beta oxidation can occur

mitochondria, ER, peroxisomes

needed in propionyl CoA carboxylase

in v. long chain FA breakdown; acyl dehydrogenase makes hydrogen peroxide

in diabetics and hungry people because low blood sugar therefore low OAA and acetyl CoA build up so ketogenesis is used; but if ketone bodies build up the ketoacidosis

in ACP; prosthetic group

RLS of FA biosynthesis

inactivates acetyl CoA carboxylase; inhib by ATP and act by AMP

activates acetyl CoA carboxylase via dephosphorylation; inhib by PKA and act by insulin

• act by adrenaline
• inhib by glucagon

binds allosterically to Acetyl CoA carboxylase

NADH->NADH cytochrome b5 reductase->cytochrome b5->desaturase->stearoyl CoA

lesions in med chain acyl dehydrogenase (in FA oxidation); accumulation of FA such as octanoic acid

no peroxisomes; can't metab FA or lipids

mut in v. long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase; accumulation of FA such as hexanoic acid

rx: lorenzo's oil

rx for x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

• glyceryl trioleate
• glyceryl trierucate

pepsin; autoact when in acidic stomach env, conf change lets it digest itself...given molecule of protein acts on itself

serine proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, blood coagulation, complement factors)

in pancreatic dig enz activation; phobic N chain makes a salt link w/ Asp or Glu in AS

duodenal; cleavs trypsinogen

• autocatalysis
• cleaves panc enz prot

chymotrypsin, charge relay system

chymotrypsin; neg beta carboxyl forms salt linke w/ Ilu 16

can be replaced by Glu; mainly conserved

Amid H forms H bond w/ substrate; in wrong position until activation; chymotrypsin

chymotrypsin; side chain covers subst spec pocket and prevents subst binding

ONLY VARIABLE AA: can be exchanged for Lys, Gln, Glu, Arg; charge and polarity obvs not important but SIZE is..want a medium sized side chain

chymotrypsin; disulfide keeps turning force confined ot sm area...allows gtr effect of mvmt of above residues

192: Met

192: Gln

192: Asn

inhibits trypsin act inappropriately

usually has Met to fit into subst spec pocket of elastase and inhibit elastase..prevents premature activation of elastase which eats lung tissue

tobacco smoke; oxidized met; no longer fits in subst spec pocket of elastase...no inhibition and elastin of lung alveoli is eaten...emphysema

premature activation leads to arthritis

bact cleave it in periodontitis and collagen degraded

cleaved into kallikrein via XIIa and Hmwk in intrinsic coagulation pathway

traps proteolytic coagulation enz; enz cleaves alpha cov bond and results in loss of protective oligos and now BOTH enz and alpha sent to liver

alpha 2 macroglobulin, C3, C4

inhibits thrombin (+) when activated by heparin (-)

inhib blood coagulation

thrombin + thrombomodulin + C

eats Va and VIIIa

• correlated w/ cholesterol intake
• competes w/ plasminogen for fibrin binding and stabilizes clot formation

in gamma carboxyglutamate (adheres Ca to VII, IX, X, prothrombin, Prot C)

similar in structure to dicumarol and warfarin drugs...inhibits coagulation

helps VII and platelets to interact

on membranes of RBCs; accelerates C3b + H + I to inhibit complement activation so RBCs are not destroyed

lacks DAF

infection results in red urine at night bc path presence creates lots C3b and binds to RBCs...RBC lysis

group in THF

group in THF

group in THF

only in diet, makes THF

inhib folate synth via pABA

Ser-gly in N5,N10 methylene THF prod

THF-N10 formyl THF

• most oxidative carbon group
• purine synth

conv to flurordeoxyuridylate

suicide inhib of thymidylate synthase

inhib DHFR...no THF made

inhib DHFR, no THF made

SAM acceptor

SAM acceptor

SAM acceptor

SAM acceptor

SAM acceptor

SAM acceptor

SAM acceptor

needs biotin, homocystein->methionine, THF

aka B12, only made by anaerobic bact

aka coenz B12, gives radical for methylmalonyl CoA mutase to make succinyl CoA

affected by B12 def; lack of THF for DNA biosynth

due to B12 def...no THF...no DNA synth

B12

B12, in center

B12; cyano, methyl, hydroxy, coenz B12

methylmalonyl CoA metab mistakes

in urine; due to lots L-methyl malonyl CoA in methylmalonyl CoA metab mistakes

due to B12 def...lots methylmalonyl CoA...blocks FA synth aka myelin

to due to IF in B12 def