-
Plasma contain more protein than interstitial fluid. What mainly gives it its high osmotic pressure.
Albumin
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Control of total body water occurs through regulation of?
water intake and water excretion (urine, stool, and insensible)
-
These are mainly responcible for water excretion.
Kidneys
-
two mechanisms allow the kidneys to maintain the volume and concentraiton of body fluid despite variations in salt and water intake.
filtration and reabsorption of sodium adjust urinary sodium excretion to match changes in dietary intake and water excretion is regulated by secretion of antidiuretic hormone
-
Water loss from the skin and lungs (vaporization)
Insensible
-
Water loss from urine, intestinal, and sweat.
Sensible
-
These are such losses that may occur during vomiting, diarrhea, or suctioning from the intestines. Fever, with sweating, is another cause.
Additive losses
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For each degree of temp >99F that persists for 24hrs, an additional _______ of fluid will be required.
1000mL or 1L
-
Water is replenished in two major ways:
Ingestion and metabolism
-
This is the main form of water replacement. Avg. drinks 1.5-2Lpday H2O and 500-600mL from food
Ingestion
-
This water comes from the oxidation of fats, carbs., proteints in the body from the destruction of cells.
Metabolism
-
Norm. H2O prduced from metabolism.
250mLpday
-
In starvation or post-op. water prod. from metabolism can be as high as
1-2 Lpday of H2O
-
Gastro. tract makes 8-10 L of fluid per day, but more than 98% is reclaimed where?
in the large intestine
-
vomiting or diarrhea can cause substantial ____
water loss
-
ventillation will increase water losses. Artificial airways increased evaporation. This deficit could be ~ 700mL. How can we minimize this loss?
humidify
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Interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatics due to _______. Lymph. lower than interstitial.
pressure gradients
-
Colloid osmotic pressure of the intravascular fluid is constant at?
25mmg
-
Electrolytes are essential to life. they make chemical and physiological events possible. What are the 7 major ones?
Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HPO42-
-
Norm. Na conc. in serum is?
136-145 mEq/L
-
Norm. Na conc. in intracellular?
4.5 mEq/L
-
Na reabsorbtion is govern by ______, which is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Aldosterone
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% Na in extracellular, bone, and cells
50, 40, 10
-
Adults ingest and excrete about _____ Na every day
100mEq
-
Kids ingest and excrete about ____Na every day
50mEq
-
Infants excrete about ____ Na every day.
20mEq
-
what % of Na is reabsorbed in proximal tubules and rest in distal tubules of the kidneys?
80%
-
Caused by gastrointestinal loss, sweating, fever, diurestics, ascites, congestive heart failure, kidney failure. Sympts. waekness, lassitude, apathy, headache, orthostatic hypotentsion, tachycardia.
Hypoatremia
-
caused by net sodium gain, net water loss, increased aldosterone, steoid therapy. Smypt. tremulousness, irritability, ataxia, confusion, seizures, and coma.
Hyperatremia
-
Norm. Cl serum levels range.
98-106 mEq/L
-
This is the most prominent anion in the body.
CL-
-
what ratio of Cl is extracellular, rest is in the cells
2/3
-
Cl is inversely proportional to major anion
HCO3
-
Cl is regulated by
Kidneys
-
Cl is excreted w/ K as
KCl
-
caused by gastrointedtinal loss, and diuretics. Sympts. include meta. alkalosis, muscle spasm, and coma
hypochloremia
-
caused by dehydration, meta. acidosis, resp. alk.. Sympts. are negligible
Hyperchloremia
-
Norm. serum K is
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
-
what percent of K is in the cells?
98%
-
adults excrete how much K in urine and how much in stool?
40-75mEq and 10mEq
-
Controls renal K excretion by inhibiting enzyme responsible for K transport in distal renal tubular cells
Aldosterone
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