Neuro Week 2

Which muscle fiber type is involved with spindles? Which is the GTO type?

Musle types II, III, and IV are of what type?

Do primary sensory muscle neurons terminate ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

What type of muscles (where) do medial motoneurons project to?

What type of muscles (where) do lateral motoneurons project to?

alpha-Motoneurons innervate what type of muscle fibers?

gamma-Motoneurons innervate what type of muscle fibers?

What are the two steps, in general, by which a muscle can increase its force of contraction?

Slow motor units are composed of small motoneurons that innervate "slow" muscle. What color are these, and are they type I or II? Are they susceptible to fatigue?

Fast motor units are composed of large motoneurons that innervate "fast" muscle. What color are these, and are they type I or II? Are they susceptible to fatigue?

Which spinal nerve has no dorsal root?

What is an encapsulated structure that senses muscle strength? Where are these generally located in the muscle?

All Ia muscle fibers innervate spindles. As the spindle gets longer, due to muscle lengthening, what do the Ia fibers do?

Both Bag1 and Bag2 intrafusal muscle fibers respond to signal length. Which one also responds to velocity?

gamma-Motoneurons innervate lateral to center of Bag1 fibers. When these get excited, they generate a contraction, shortening that area of the spindle. These are located on both sides. So, as the outside of the spindle shortens due to the excitation of these gamma-motoneurons, what happens to the middle?

In intrafusal motoneurons, where are Ia primary endings located? Where are II secondary endings located? What type of intrafusal muscle fibers (bag1 or bag2s, or both) do each of these innervate?

Gamma efferents are located away from center and lateral to secondary endings; what type of fibers do they innervate?

beta=motoneurons innervate both extrafusal and intrafusal fibers. Which type of bag do they provide innervation for?

gamma-motoneurons alter the sensitivity (or gain) of the spindle by increasing or decreasing the amount of _________ on the center region of the spindle.

In group Ib fibers, sensory information signals muscle _________.

GTOs respond to ___________; spindles respond to __________.

During passive stretch, spindle (Ia) fibers will _________ (excite/inhibit). GTO (Ib) fibers will _________ (excite/inhibit).

During contraction (with shortening), spindle (Ia) fibers will _________ (excite/inhibit). GTO (Ib) fibers will _________ (excite/inhibit).

What type of fibers does the stretch (myotatic) reflex activate?

What is the only monosynaptic reflex?

If a stretch reflex is lost in the biceps, what nerve root is likely involved? What muscles are affected?

If a stretch reflex is lost in the triceps, what nerve root is likely involved? What muscles are affected?

If a stretch reflex is lost in the knee (knee jerk reflex), what nerve roots are likely involved? What muscles are affected?

If a stretch reflex is lost in the ankle (ankle jerk reflex), what nerve root is likely involved? What muscles are affected?

What is an oscillation in muscle contraction in which the muscle alternatively contracts and relaxes rapidly (3-7 contractions/s)?

What type of reflex is elicited by activity in Ib fibers?

If the arm is extended and then flexed, what happens to Ia activity in the biceps? Ib activity?

If the arm is extended, and then flexed, what happens to Ia activity in the triceps? Ib activity?

The flexor reflex is elicited by what type of stimulus? What type of fibers are involved in this?

What type of cell is a unique type of inhibitory interneuron -- a collateral axon of an alpha-motoneuron excites this cell type, which then inhibits the alpha-motoneuron that excited it, and may inhibit all homonymous alpha-motoneurons to the same muscle? What neurotransmitter excites this cell type?

Which neuromuscular junction disorder is a post-synaptic disorder?

What two antibody types are seen in myasthenia gravis?

Most congenital myasthenic disorders are of what inheritance pattern? What is the exception?

What type of antibodies are seen in Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome?

What two enzymes are often elevated in myopathies?

In what neuromuscular syndrome type is myoglobinuria seen?

What is the inheritance pattern and gene affected in Duchenne MD?

What is the most common adult form of MD?

In what type of myopathies are polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis seen?

In what type of myopathy are ragged red fibers seen?

What is the treatment for hypokalemic or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?

What type of peripheral neuropathy involves the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?

What is the most common inherited neurological disorder? What is the most common inheritance pattern?

In what syndrome do you see elevated CSF protein with normal cell count? What is the treatment for this?

What are the treatment options for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy?