hns2

• Qualitative
• Introspection (stomach
• tube); founder of Structuralism;
• mental elements (contents); Experiences; music; coin collector;
• cigars; The Experimentalists;
• Association
• Describe elements of state not the stimulus
• interpretation vs. observation;
• stimulus error: (apple vs. color, shape, etc.; i.e., conscious content)--44,000 sensations
• Saw humans as machines
• consciousness: the sum of experiences at a given time
• mind: the sum of experiences over
• a lifetime
• subjects = "reagents"; like mechanical
• recording instruments
• 50 phds
• Group-Tichener's Experimentalists
• Taught at Cornell-no women allowed
• Psych is the study of consciousness

• Sensation: basic elements of perception
• (sounds, sights, smells, etc.)
• Images: elements of ideas; not actually present
• (e.g., memories)
• Affect: elements of emotion

• Wundt: quality, intensity
• Titchener: added duration and clearness, quantity

"no women allowed" experimentalists

Comparative psychology "the animal mind"

• Self observation
• describe elements of the conscious state

• The term systematic experimental introspection
• Imageless thought

• Analyze consciousness into its component parts to determine its structure.
• Parts (atoms of the mind)

• Structuralism
• Introspection
• Apperception: (voluntary) synthesis and organization of higher order cognitive processes, elements
• The whole
• Faculties
• Like Gall
• Descriptive and taxonomic
• Static
• First experimental lab
• Volunteerism: power of mind to organize content
• QUANTITATIVE

An orangutan Darwin observed at the zoo

How the mind functions and how it is used to adapt to its environment (as opposed to structuralism)

• Charles Darwin's grandfather
• "All animals had evolved set in motion by God"

• Inheritance of acquired characteristics
• Modification to bodily form as adaptation to environment

• Book: Principles of Geology
• Influenced Darwin, was influenced by Malthus
• Geological evolution, earth has passed through many stages

• Multitude of wild animals
• Noah's Arc

• Darwin's botany professor
• Secured his position on the HMS Beagle trip

• Captain of the HMS Beagle
• Darwin's big nose
• Weather forecasts

• Collector
• Bad in school
• "The Devil's Chaplain"
• Natural selection
• Offspring show variation from parents and each other
• Theory of emotion-humans differ from animals only in degree, emotion a result of threat, danger
• mom died when 8
• raised by 2 older sisters
• Found med school boring
• collected plants and shells
• Anglican Priest school in Cambridge--did believe in the bible
• Drank, ate, member of gourmet club
• Entomology, field research
• Expression of emotions are culturally universal
• Humans differ from animals only in degree

• Similar theory of evolution to Darwin
• Did not believe in social darwinism--people should be helped by government

Meeting where Darwin and Wallace's work was presented

• Food supply increases arithmetically, population increases geometrically
• Essay: "The principle of population"
• Melancholy Hue

An agent for the propagation of the gospel of evolution

• Defended the bible
• "Soapy Sam" (long speeches)

• Finches' Beak length
• Evolution may occur more rapidly than Darwin expected
• The missing link--fish with limbs

• Individual differences
• IQ 200
• Mental inheritance
• Viewed IQ as: Sensory acuity--inherited
• Anthropometry
• Book: "The Englishmen of Science"
• Questionnaire: was your interest inherited?
• Mental imagery
• word associations
• Fingerprints
• Fashion
• Geographic distribution of beauty
• Effects of prayer
• Invented printer
• Periscope
• Device to pick locks
• Book "The Art of Travel"
• Weather map, weather patterns
• "hereditary genius" book
• Eugenics, inheritance
• Mean, SD, discovered correlation, regression to the mean
• Originated Association of ideas, word association test, reaction time
• OCPD

• Individual differences in ability and attitude
• Book "the examination of talented individuals"
• Planned education in accordance with abilities

First to use statistical methods and normal curve with social data

• Galton's student
• Correlation coeff

• "mental tests"
• Human abilities
• Directly measuring intelligence components
• Experimentation with recreational drugs
• reaction time
• order of merit ranking
• emphasis on statistics
• sterilize the defects
• incentives for healthy intermarriage
• mental tests
• IQ largely inherited but envi could have an effect
• "history of psych would be as short as a book on snakes..."

• "The mental ladder" (by degree of mental functioning)
• Anecdotal method
• Introspection by analogy

• Among the earliest bicyclists
• Law of parsimony: animal intelligence can be explained by lower mental processes

• Principle of contiguity like Guthrie, but Contiguity not enough, need Bain's principle
• Bain's Principle: Behavior followed by success is likely to be repeated (Then thorndike, skinner): evolutionary associationism
• Our philosopher
• Extended darwinism
• Coined "survival of the fittest"
• Social Darwinism
• Synthetic philosophy: knowledge can be explained in terms of evolutionary principles
• Adaptive nature of nervous system and mental processes
• Increasing complexity of experience is critical
• Student of Lamarck

• Railroad tycoon
• Survival of the fittest philosophy

• Oil tycoon
• American industrialist
• Survival of the fittest philosophy

• American Historian
• "...That dominant individualism"

• "The peculiar condition of american society"
• Enhanced Spencer's writings

• Mechanical Evolution
• Obsolete machines disappear

• Punched cards
• Tabulating
• US Census
• IBM

• Mystical events
• Functionalist
• Not an associationist
• Free will
• Altered consciousness: nitrous oxide and amyl nitrite
• Book: the principles of psychology
• Educational psych
• Consciousness facilitates evolution through choice-complex beings in complex settings
• stressed the nonrational
• Stream of consciousness: continuous (opposed Wundt and Titchener)--you can't break this down, it reflects the person
• Etiomotoraction?
• James-Lang theory of emotions: stimulus-response-emotion
• Self-esteem: success/pretentions
• Pragmatism: if an idea works it has value
• bundles of habits
• three piece self: material social and spiritual

• American neurologist
• Epidemic of neurasthenia
• "Americanitis"

Essays of Freedom of the Will

• Paired Associates Technique (memory)
• Gender discrimination
• variability hypothesis: women's tendency toward averageness

• Researched the variability hypothesis
• Refuted ideas on the menstrual cycle
• Challenged innated instinct for motherhood
• Gifted children
• Dissertation

• First...you name it
• Child studies and educational psych
• APA
• Educational theory
• Book: "adolescence..."
• Recapitulation theory: psych development repeats the history of human evolution
• Senescence: issues of old age

First African American to earn a PhD in psychology

• Attacked reflex arc concept
• more of a circle than arc

• NBC "Sunny Jim"
• Never earned degree but got 23 honorary degrees
• "The province of functional psychology"
• Themes of function. Movement: mental operations (not elements), utilities of consciousness, psychophysical mind-body relations
• No distinction between mind and body
• chicago school--functionalism

• Mental activity
• Adaptive or adjustive
• Objectivity
• Research on animals and humans
• Bridge between structural psychology and behavioristm
• Move toward behaviorism

• Dynamic psychology
• S-O-R
• Emphasized motivation
• Personal data sheet: self report inventory used by army

• Criticized definition of "function"
• Must demonstrate utility, "cure society's ills"

• Coca Cola caffeine study
• Professional integrity
• Applied psychology

First to advocate use of Experimental and Control Groups

• First truly psychological test of mental ability
• Mental Age
• Mental Orthopoedics
• IQ flexible
• Complex mental operations

• Worked with Binet
• Interested in what mentally retarded individuals were different
• Binet-Simon measuring scale for intelligence

• Introduced term Moron
• Kallikak family = good and bad (genetically determined like GALTON)
• Translated Binet-Simon to English
• Ellis Island Testing
• Racial differences in IQ, immigration policy

• Stanford-Binet revision
• Adopted concept of IQ (Mental age/chronological age)
• Early ripe early rot
• Longit study 1921-1986
• Significant research: created norms

• How can psych aid the war effort?
• Group IQ testing
• Army alph and betas
• Primates
• Father of Comparative psych
• Strong advocate of eugenics
• Points on IQ test instead of mental age

Multiple choice style

Contributed to public loss of faith in testing

• Vocal critic of racial differences in intelligence
• Environmental factors
• Compared blacks from northern and southern states

• Book "The bell curve"
• Race and IQ
• Avoidance Theory

The "Draw a man" test

Revised Stanford-Binet with Terman

the "primary mental abilities" test battery

Extended age range of Stanford Binet with the Cattell Infant Intell. Scale

Choice between work and children

• Coined clinical psychology
• First psychological clinic
• more assessment

• Former mental patient
• Book: "a mind that found itself"
• Humane care

• Wrote "psychotherapy" a book listing specific interventions
• Assused of being a spy
• Professor monster-work
• anti-prohibition
• eye-witness testimony
• forensic psyc
• suppression of troubling ideas
• designed chronoscope to measure worker efficiency

• First child guidance clinic
• Preventive care

• Personnel selection
• Management
• Advertising
• Psyc consulting
• Sense organs as windows of the soul
• Suggestibility and influence
• Coupons
• Group testing format

• Human relations
• Motivation
• Morale
• Social conditions of workplace

• Time-and-motion analysis
• Efficiency in job performance

• Nerspaper advertising
• Visual problems that affect learning

The decline of psychology in America

psychosomatic problems

• Maritime country, saw changes over time. Good record keepers.
• Aristotle, though throught species were fixed in their forms. Plato too.

• Worked with Binet
• Two careers: magnetism and iq, individual differences
• studied daughters, memory, testimony, creativity, perception, rorschach.
• Father of experimental psychology in france

• Studied with Wundt and Kupe in Germany
• Investigated IQ
• Laid groundwork for factor analysis
• G = general intelligence
• s = specific factors
• IQ is unitary
• IQ is largely inherited

• Fraud
• MZ twin studies to support idea that IQ is inherited
• Leon Kamin contacted supposed participants and revealed Burt as a fraud

Mental Age formula for IQ

• Influenced by Darwin
• Opposition to Wundt
• Operations in environment. Functional utility of behavior

Pure scientist, abstraction

• Study of psychology is the study of behavior
• Private events cannot be made public
• 1914 Book
• Objective, quantify
• Opposed to cognitive influences

• All knowledge derived from empirical observation
• Theory must involve meaningful statements
• verifiable
• connected to empirical observation
• constructs abstracted relat
• operationally defined

• Vienna Circle
• Bergman's Laws: Define all constructs in an operational form, does operation have functional utility

• moral and mental
• intellectual philosophy
• us renaissance
• us functionalism

• opposed sterile research
• understand function of the mind
• desire practical science not pure science
• urge broadening of subject
• why mental processes and behavior
• accept mental processes and behavior
• what makes organisms different
• influenced by william james and darwin's theories

• Whole is greater than the sum of the parts
• Max Wertheimer
• Kurt Koffka-book "the growth of the mind"
• Wolfgang Kohler-studied physics, studied behavior of chimpanzees

Steel tycoon who praised Spencer

• Sex differences in emotion and intelligence
• Women not biologically inferior

• tropism: involuntary forced movement, reaction to stimulus is automatic
• theory of animal behavior
• associative memory

Introduced the rat maze

• Overt behavior
• s-r
• Connectionism: learning is connecting s-r
• bond
• Puzzle box
• Trial and error learning
• Law of effect: acts that produce satisfaction become associated with that situation
• Law of exercise: law of use and disuse
• generalization

• conditioned reflexes
• psychic reflexes
• reinforcement
• irradiation
• engrams
• induction
• cortical excitation irratiation
• neurosis is conflict between excit. and inhib

knee-jerk reflex

associated reflexes