A round, marblelike structure (distal portion of humerus)
Capitulum
Bony prominence, easily palpated (distal portion of humerus)
Medial epicondyle
A spool-like structure (distal portion of humerus)
Trochlea
Depression; located on the anterior surface (distal portion of humerus)
Coronoid fossa
Depression; located on the posterior surface (distal portion of humerus)
Olecranon fossa
List the names of the 3 groups of bones that comprise the hand and wrist and indicate the quantity of bones in that group
Phalanges-14 bones
Metacarpals-5 bones
Carpals-8 bones
Which bone classification are the metacarpals?
C. long
Which bone classification are the carpal bones?
C. short
Which bones articulate with the heads of the metacarpal bones?
C. proximal phalanges
What group of bones articulate with the bases of metacarpal bones?
Carpals
What part of a metacarpal bone (base or head) forms part of each metacarpophalangeal joint?
Head
Which of the following types of upper limb joints are formed in part by the bases of the metacarpals?
A. carpometacarpal
How are the metacarpals indentified?
D. Numbered 1 through 5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial (little finger side)
What is the most distal portion of each metacarpal?
A. head
How many proximal, middle, and distal phalanges are found in one hand?
Proximal: 5
Middle: 4
Distal: 5
Which kinds of movements do the interphalangeal joints allow?
C. flexion and extension
Which joint is the most distal joint in the upper limb?
B. distal interphalangeal
Name the carpal bones and state whether they are proximal or distal
Scaphoid; proximal
Lunate; proximal
Triquetrum; proximal
Pisiform; proximal
Trapezium; distal
Trapezoid; distal
Capitate; distal
Hamate; distal
What other name refers to the radiocarpal joint?
Wrist joint proper
List the names of the 2 bones that comprise the forearm and indicate which bone is lateral and which bone is medial
Radius-lateral
Ulna-medial
On which end of the radius (proximal or distal) is the styloid process located?
Distal
On which end of the radius (proximal or distal) is the radial head located?
Proximal
On which end of the ulna (proximal or distal) is the styloid process located?
Distal
On which end of the ulna (proximal or distal) is the olecranon process located?
Proximal
Which 2 bony processes are located on the proximal end of the ulna?
A. olecranon process and coronoid process
Which of the following is located on the proximal ulna?
A. trochlear notch
On which bone is the trochlear notch located?
B. ulna
Which joint do the radial notch of the ulna and the head of the radius form?
A. proximal radioulnar
Which joint do the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius form?
D. distal radioulnar
With which of the following structures of the distal humerus does the radial head articulate?
A. capitulum
With which of the following structures of the distal humerus does the trochlear notch articulate?
D. trochlear
What are the 3 articulations that form the complete elbow joint?
a. radiocarpal
b. humeroulnar
c. humeroradial
d. scapulohumeral
e. distal radioulnar
f. proximal radioulnar
b. humeroulnar
c. humeroradial
f. proximal radioulnar
With reference to the capitulum, where is the trochlea located?
C. medial
What are the 3 articulations that form the humerus?
a. radiocarpal
b. humeroulnar
c. humeroradial
d. scapulohumeral
e. distal radioulnar
f. proximal radioulnar
b. humeroulnar
c. humeroradial
d. scapulohumeral
Write the name of each fossa found on the distal humerus and indicate on which surface each is located
coronoid fossa-anterior
radial fossa-posterior
on which hand surface should the hand be rested when performing the lateral projection radiograph of the fourth or fifth digit?
D. medial (ulnar)
Which two groups of joints of the hand and digits should be demonstrated open on the radiograph of the PA projection of the hand?
C. metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal
Which projection of the hand should demonstrate superimposed phalanges?
C. lateral, in extension
The lateral, in extension, projection is best used to demonstrate:
1. foreign bodies
2. displacement of fractures in the metacarpals
3. the phalanges
B. 1 and 2 only
Flexing the fingers for the PA projection of the wrist decreases _______ and increases __________
decreases OID
increases recorded detail
For the lateral projection of the wrist, how should the elbow be positioned?
B. flexed 90 degrees
For the lateral projection of the wrist, which surface of the wrist should be in contact with the IR?
D. medial
For the AP projection of the forearm, how should the elbow be positioned?
B. fully extended
For the lateral projection of the forearm, how should the elbow be positioned?
C. flexed 90 degrees
For the lateral projection of the elbow, how should the hand be adjusted?
D. lateral with the thumb side up
How many degrees of flexion of the elbow are necessary for the lateral projection?
90 degrees
How should the humeral epicondyles appear in the image of the lateral projection of the elbow?
superimposed
How much medial rotation of the elbow is needed to position it for AP oblique projections?
B. 45 degrees
Which AP oblique projection positioning movement requires the hand to be pronated? Medial rotation or lateral rotation?
Medial rotation
List the projection for the elbow: Coronoid process should be seen in profile
B. AP oblique projection, medial rotation position
List the projection for the elbow: Olecranon process should be seen in profile
B. Lateral projection
List the projection for the elbow: Radial head should be projected free of the ulna
D. AP oblique projection, lateral rotation position
List the projection for the elbow: Humeral epicondyles should not be rotated or superimposed
B. AP projection
The humerus can be examined with the patient in either the ________ or ________ position.
supine or upright
How should the hand be placed for the AP projection of the humerus?
Supinated
From the following list, circle the 3 evaluation criteria that indicate the humerus was correctly positioned for the AP position:
B. epicondyles are maximally seen and not rotated
d. humeral head and greater tubercle are both seen in profile
f. outline of the lesser tubercle is located between the humeral head and the greater tubercle
The superimposition of what structures confirms that a true lateral image was produced?
Humeral epicondyles
Where is the centering point for the central ray for the AP projection of the thumb?
1st MCP joint
Which projection of the thumb requires the patient to rotate the hand in extreme internal rotation?
AP projection
Describe how and where the central ray should be directed for the PA projection of the hand.
Perpendicular to the 3rd MCP joint
What surface of the hand should be in contact with the IR for the PA projection of the hand?
Anterior
How many interphalangeal joints are found in one upper limb?
A. 9
Each proximal phalanx articulates with a:
C. metacarpal
Which bones comprise the palm of the hand?
D. metacarpals
Which joint is formed by the articulation of the proximal end of the middle phalanx with the distal end of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger?
D. the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth digit
Which joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the middle phalanx with the proximal end of the distal phalanx of the index finger?
A. the distal interphalangeal joint of the second digit
Which joint is a hinge-type joint?
A. interphalangeal
How many metacarpal bones are found in one upper limb?
C. 5
Which of the following articulates with the bases of metacarpal bones?
C. carpals
Which joint of the hand is formed by the articulation of the head of a metacarpal with a digit?
B. carpometacarpals
Which joint is an ellipsoidal joint?
B. metacarpophalangeal
Which articulation of the upper limb is a saddle joint that allows the thumb to oppose the fingers?
A. first carpometacarpal
Which bones are located in the proximal row of the wrist?
A. scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, and triquetrum
Which bones are located in the distal row of the wrist?
D. hamate, capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid
Where in the wrist is the scaphoid located?
D. lateral side of the proximal row
Where in the wrist is the trapezium located?
D. lateral side of the distal row
Where is the wrist is the hamate located?
D. medial side of the distal row
What other name refers to the carpal bone known as the hamate?
B. unciform
What other name refers to the carpal bone known as the capitate?
C. os magnum
What other name refers to the carpal bone known as the trapezium?
A. greater multangular
What other name refers to the carpal bone known as the trapezoid?
A. lesser multangular
Which carpal bone has only one name?
B. pisiform
Which bones are classified as short bones?
B. carpals
Which joint is the most distal articulation of the wrist?
D. carpometacarpal
Which joint is the most proximal articulation of the wrist?a. intercarpal
b. radiocarpal
c. carpometacarpal
d. metacarpophalangeal
b. radiocarpal
Which two carpal bones are the most lateral bones of the wrist?
A. scaphoid and trapezium
The lunate is situated between the:
D. triquetrum and scaphoid
What other name refers to the carpal bone known as the scaphoid?
A. navicular
Which carpal bone does not articulate with the radius?
B. capitate
Which bony structures are located on the proximal end of the ulna?
A. radial notch, olecranon process, and coronoid process
Which bony structures are located on the distal end of the ulna?
C. ulnar head and styloid process
Which bony structure is located on the distal end of the radius?
A. styloid process
Which bony structures are located on the proximal radius?
B. head and tuberosity
Which structure is lcoated on the lateral aspect of the distal forearm?
B. radial styloid process
Which large bony proces is easily located by touching on the posterior aspect of the proximal forearm?
B. olecranon process
Which structure is located on the medial side of the distal forearm?
D. ulnar styloid process
Where is the trochlear notch located?
A. proximal ulna
Which two structures articulate to form the proximal radioulnar joint?
A. head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna
Which two structures articulate to form the distal radioulnar joint?
B. head of the ulna and ulnar noth of the radius
Which articulation do the trochlea and the trochlear notch form?
D. humeroulnar
Which structure articulates with the capitulum?
B. radial head
Which structure articulates with the trochlea?
D. proximal ulna
In which joint is the capitulum located?
a. hip
b. wrist
d. elbow
d. shoulder
d. elbow
In which joint is the trochlea located?
D. elbow
Where is the capitutlum located?
A. lateral side of the distal humerus
With reference from the trochlea, where is the capitulum located?
B. lateral
What is the roughened process of the humerus superior and lateral to the intertubercular groove?
D. greater tubercle
Which bony process is located on the anterior surface of the proximal humerus?
C. lesser tubercle
Which structure articulates with the ulna to form the humeroulnar joint?
B. trochlea
How many articulations does the humerus have?
A. 3
Which structur articulates with the radius to form the humeroradial joint?
B. capitulum
Which depression is located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus?
D. coronoid fossa
Which depression is located on the posterior surface of the distal humerus?
C. olecranon fossa
Which depression is located between the lesser and great tubercles of the proximal humerus?
C. intertubercular groove
Which digit of the hand produces the greates OID in the lateral projection of that digit?
D. third digit
For the lateral projections of the second through fifth digits of the hand, through which joint should the CR be directed?
C. proximal interphalangeal
Which digit of the hand produces the least OID in the lateral projection of that digit?
C. second digit
What is the centering point for the CR for the PA projection of the third finger?
C. proximal interphalangeal joint of the third digit
What is the appropriate collimated field for the PA projection of the second digit?
D. 1 inch on all sides of the digit, including 1 inch proximal to the MCP joint
What is the appropriate collimated field for all projections of the first digit (thumb)?
B. 1 inch on all sides of the digit, including 1 inch proximal to the CMC joint
What is the appropriate collimated field for the PA projection of the hand?
B. 1 inch on all sides of the hand, including 1 inch proximal to the ulnar styloid
For the PA projection of the hand, where should the CR be directed?
A. third metacarpophalangeal joint
Which of the following is best for demonstration of a foreign body in the hand?
B. lateral in extension
Which projection of the wrist requires that the radial styloid process be superimposed over the ulnar styloid process?
B. lateral
What is the appropriate collimated field for the PA projection of the wrist?
C. 2.5 inches proximal and distal to the wrist joint and 1 inch on the sides
For the PA projection of the wrist, which positioning maneuver should be used to place the anterior surface of the wrist in contact with the IR?
D. slightly arch the hand
How should the hand and wrist be positioned for the PA oblique projection of the wrist?
A. with the hand pronated, rotate the wrist radial side up
How should the hand be positioned for the AP projection of the forearm?
C. supinated
What is the appropriate collimated field for all projections of the forearm?
C. 2 inches distal to the wrist and proximal to the elbow, and 1 inch on the sides
Which description best explains how radial crossover occurs when the forearm is demonstrated?
C. during the AP projection, the hand is pronated
For the Ap projection of the forearm, which positioning step should be taken to prevent radial crossover?
C. supinate the hand
Which projection of the forearm requires that the elbow be flexed 90 degrees?
B. lateral
When performing a radiograph of a forearm in a fiberglass cast, approximately which compensation to exposure technique should occur?
D. increase mAs 25% or 4 kVp
How much should the elbow be flexed for the lateral projection of the elbow?
D. 90 degrees
Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head free of bony superimposition?
C. AP oblique, lateral rotation position
Which projection and postion of the upper limb best demonstrates the coronoid process in profile and free of superimposition?
B. AP oblique of the elbow in medial rotation position
What is the apporpriate collimated field for the AP projection of the elbow?
D. 3 inch proximal and distal to the elbow joint and 1 inch on all sides
With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the humeral epicondylar coronal place be positioned for the AP projection of the elbow?
C. parallel
Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile?
A. lateral projection
Which positioning characteristic best indicates that the humerus is properly positioned for the AP projection of the humerus?
C. the humeral epicondylar coronal place is parallel with the IR
Which evaluation criterion indicates that the humerus was properly positioned for the AP projection?
D. the humeral head and greater tubercle are both seen in profile
One way that the lateral radiograph of a humerus, produced with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and the IR placed between the arm and thorax, appears different from the lateral position with the patient standing is that the former demonstrates:
D. less than the entire humerus
With reference to the place of the IR, how is it determined that the humerus is properly positioned in true lateral position?
C. the humeral epicondylar coronal plane is perpendicular
Which evaluation criterion indicates that the humerus was properly positioned for the lateral projection?
A. the lesser tubercle is seen in profile
What is the appropriate collimated field for the AP and lateral projection of the humerus?
B. 2 inch distal to the elbow and superior to the shoulder and 1 inch on the sides