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cognitive psychology
the study of the mental processes by which information from the enviroment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and manipulated to others
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information-processing system
mechanisms for receiving information, representing it with symbols, and manipulating it.
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thinking
the manipulation of mental representations
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reaction time
the time between the presentation of a stimulus and an overt response to it.
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evoked brain potential
a small, temporary change in EEG voltage that is evoked by some stimulus
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concept
a category of objects, events, or ideas that have common properties
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formal concept
a concept that can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties
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natural concept
a concept that has no fixed set of defining features but has a set of characteristics features
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prototype
a member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characterisitic features
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proposition
a mental representation of the relationship between concepts
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schema
a generalization about categories of objects, places, events, and people
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script
a mental representation of familiar sequences of activity
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mental model
a cluster of propsitions representing our understanding of objects and processes that guides our interaction with those things
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images
a mental representation of visual information
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cognitive map
a mental representation of familiar parts of the envirmonment
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reasoning
the process by which peoploe generate and evaluate arguments and reach conclusions about them
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formal reasoning
the process of folloing a set of rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions
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algorithm
a systematic procddure that cannot fail to prduce a correct solution to a problem, if a solution exists
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rules of logic
sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclisions
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syllogism
an argument made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclision based on those premises, and a conclusion based on those premises.
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confirmation bias
the tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one's hypothesis
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informal reasoning
the process of evaluation a conclusion, theory , or course or action on the basis of the believability of evidence.
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heuristics
time-saving mental short-cuts used in reasoing
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anchoring heuristic
a mental shortfut that involves basing judgements on existing information
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representativeness heuristic
a mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to the members of that class
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availability heuristic
a mental shortcut through which judgements are based on information that is most easily brought to mind
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mental set
the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist, even when they might not always be the mostefficient alternative.
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functional fixedness
a tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways
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artificial intelligence (AI)
the field that studies how to program computers to imitate the products of human perception, understanding, and thought
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utility
a subjective measure of value
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expected value
the total benefit to be expected if a decision were to be repeated several times
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language
symbols and a set of rules for combining them that provides a vehicle for communication
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grammar
a set of rules for combinging the words used in a given language
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phoneme
the smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech
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morpheme
the smallest unit of language that has meaning
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word
unit of language composed of one or more morphemes
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syntax
the set of rules that govern the formation of phrases and sentences in a language
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semantics
rules governing the meaning of words and sentences
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surface structure
the order in which words are arranged in sentences
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deep structure
an abstract representation of the underlying meaning of a given sentence
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babblings
the first sounds infants make that resemble speech
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one-word stage
a stage of language developement during which children tend to use one word at a time
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