ENV 10

offers a broad, fundamental explanationof many observations

simple empirical statement thatsummarizes things as they are

• • Extremely broad discipline that tries to explain:
• – How life on earth is sustained
• – What leads to environmental problems
• – How can those problems be solved

• -human population size
• -rate of resource consumption

impact/person x number of people

For a given concentration of greenhouse gasses,the amount of heat trapped can be calculatedprecisely.

• 1. Variation in sunlight
• 2. Shifts in ocean circulation
• 3. Changes in geology and biology

• • Meteors• Life----Rise of oxygen
• • Shifts in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
• • Variations in volcanic activity(aerosols)

• 1.Heat from the sun
• 2.the coriolis force

• Positive feedbacks enhance the warming.
• – E.g., melting large swaths of ice reduces theearth’s albedo, which is a positive feedback.

• Negative feedbacks reduce the warming.
• – E.g., higher CO2 can enhance plant growthunder some conditions, which holds CO2 down.

• Move water from wet to dry areas
• -downstream flooding

save water during wet periods to use during dry periods

controls 70% of annual runoff in California

Less in low latitudes and more in higher latitudes

Three months

• Thermosphere
• Mesosphere
• stratosphere
• Troposphere

Deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property withaltitude. It almost always refers to a temperature inversion, (i.e. an increase intemperature with height)

• 1.After sunset, the earth's surface cools and radiates less energy, and the air closest to the surface cools before air higher up
• 2. Air near surface cooler and denser than air above it
• Most common on winter mornings

Cold air from surrounding mountain descents into valley while infrared radiation from the surface heats the layer above

Cool marine air undercuts warm air over land

• Flow of air from a high plateau descends andwarms by compression, creating a cap above acooler air mass in a basin below the highlands,resulting in a capping inversion
• -Santa Ana!

An inversion can develop aloft as a result ofair gradually sinking over a wide area andbeing warmed by adiabatic compression,

Particles that are heavier than air are removed

Sulfuric and nitric acids are dissolved by rain and removed---acid rain

Most of the gas phase pollution we put in the atmosphere gets reacted or oxidized

• 1. Particulate Matter
• 2. Carbon Monoxide
• 3. Sulfur dioxide
• 4. Nitrogen Dioxide

• Anything that forms in the atmosphere from chemical transformations of the primary pollutants
• Ex. Ozone, particulate matter

• -Los Angeles
• -Summer
• -O3 particulates

• -Denver
• -Carbon Monoxide, Particulates, Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfuric and nitric acid

• 1.Carbon monoxide
• 2. Lead
• 3. Oxides of nitrogen
• 4. Ozone
• 5. Sulfur dioxide
• 6. Particulate Matter

• 1. Nitrogen Oxide/VOCs/Carbon monoxide/Particulates
• 2. Sunlight
• 3. Poor atmospheric mixing

In the stratosphere, ozone shields us from the Sun's deadly ultraviolet radiation

• In the troposphere
• -Impairs lung capacity and reduces agricultural productivity

• 1. Ultrafine particles
• 2. Black Carbon

• Ultrafine: along sensory neurons to circulatory system
• Fine: penetrate into Alveoli, body cannot remove them
• Coarse: deposit in upper airways, removed by cilia, but cause asthma

Summer is cleaner because there is less traffic during the pre-sunrise period

Troposphere

• 1. Aerosol cans
• 2. Refrigeration/air conditioning
• 3. Semiconductor manuafacturing
• 4. Foam manufacturing

below 240nm

only in stratosphere

0.01 millimeters

• Mid Latitudes: 350 DU
• Equator: 250 DU

• 1. Chlorine
• 2. Bromine
• 3. Nitrogen Oxides

5%

• -5% destruction
• -warm
• -sunny

• – Massive O3 hole duringspring time
• – Very dark
• – Very cold
• – PSCs form
• – Chemical reactions
• - Free chlorine----massive O3destruction

Policy requiring 20% ofelectricity generation tobe renewables by 2010,and may be increased to33% by 2017.

11.9%

10%

• 1. Germany 47%
• 2. Spain 16%
• 3. Japan 13%

generation sources respond on-demand to user needs

respond to many conditions in supply and demand in aintelligent way

• synthetic (gas/liquid)
• -requires energy to make it
• -not an energy source

Using electricity to separate hydrogen(H2) from water (H2O).

Burning natural gas in low levels of oxygen to produce CO/CO2 and H2.

• The study of:
• • biodiversity
• • threatened and endangered species
• • ecological and evolutionary processesthat underlie preservation

if it is good because it provides the means for acquiring something else of value.

Ex. Having a net worth of a million dollars is an instrumental value. Having those assets is good only to the extent that you can use them to get something else--like happiness.

• if it is good ``in and of itself,'' i.e., not merely as a means for acquiring something
• else.
• Ex. Happiness might be an example of an intrinsic value, because beinghappy is good just because it's good to be happy, not because being happy leads to anything else.
• Biodiversity

• 1. intensity of sunlight
• 2. albedo: shortwave(solar radiation)
• 3. Greenhouse effect: Longwave(thermal radiation)

water vapor

• 1. variation in sunlight
• 2. Changes in geology and biology
• 3. Shifts in ocean and atmospheric circulation

UV-C

Ozone forms naturally in the stratosphere

nitrogen oxide

sea water seep down into the rock, come close to hot magma, turn into steam, and blow up the volcano

permanently frozen zone, soil doesnt completely thaw