-
Pathology
The study of disease
-
Etiology
The study of the cause of a disease
-
Pathogenesis
The development of disease
-
Infection
Colonization of the body by pathogens
-
Disease
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
-
___ microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months
Transient
-
___ microbiota permanently colonize the host
Normal
-
___ is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
Symbiosis
-
In ___ one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
Commensalism
-
In ___ both organisms benefit
Mutualism
-
In ___ one organism benefits at the expense of the other
Parasitism
-
Some normal microbiotas are ___
Opportunistic pathogens
-
___ are those that normally do not cause a disease, but can if conditions change or placed in a different environment.
Opportunistic pathogens
-
Some people are healthy ___ of normally pathogenic organisms but do not themselves get the disease.
Carriers
-
___ is a competition between microbes.
Microbial antagonism
-
___ protect the host by: Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
- Producing acids, producing bacteriocins
- Normal microbiota
-
Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Probiotics
-
Koch's postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease however they cannot always be used because:
- 1. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
- 2. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans
- 3. Some microorganisms cannot be artificially cultured in the laboratory.
-
___ a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Symptom
-
___ a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Sign
-
___ a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Syndrome
-
___ a disease that is spread from one host to another
Communicable disease
-
___ a disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Contagious disease
-
___ a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Non-communicable disease
-
___: Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Incidence
-
___: Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Prevalence
-
___: Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Sporadic disease
-
___: Disease constantly present in a population
Endemic disease
-
___: Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Epidemic disease
-
___: Worldwide epidemic
Pandemic disease
-
___: Immunity in most of a population
Herd immunity
-
___: Symptoms develop rapidly
Acute disease
-
___: Disease develops slowly
Chronic disease
-
___: Symptoms between acute and chronic
Subacute disease
-
___: Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
Latent disease
-
___: Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
Local infection
-
___: An infection throughout the body
Systemic infection
-
___: Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Focal infection
-
___: Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Sepsis
-
___: Bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
-
___: Growth of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
-
___: Toxins in the blood
Toxemia
-
___: Viruses in the blood
Viremia
-
___: Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Primary infection
-
___: Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Secondary infection
-
___: No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
Subclinical disease
-
Predisposing Factors which makes the body more susceptible to disease
- 1. Short urethra in females
- 2. Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene
- 3. Climate and weather
- 4. Fatigue
- 5. Age
- 6. Lifestyle
- 7. Chemotherapy
-
___: Requires close association between infected and susceptible host
Direct Contact
-
___: Spread by fomites
Indirect Contact
-
___: Transmission via airborne droplets
Droplet
-
Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes transmit disease by 2 general methods:
- 1. Mechanical transmission
- 2. Biological transmission:
-
___: Arthropod carries pathogen on feet
Mechanical transmission
-
___: Pathogen reproduces in vector
Biological transmission
-
___: In order to spread a disease, an infected host must have an exit for the microorganism to leave the body called
Portal of exit
-
Portals of exit are :
- Respiratory system
- Urinary/reproductive systems
- Skin
- Digestive system
- Drainage of a wound
- Contaminated formite
- Biting insect
-
___: are acquired as a result of a hospital stay
Nosocomial Infections
-
Control of Nosocomial Infections
- 1. Septic techniques
- 2. Washing hands
- 3. Disinfection of hospital equipment
- 4. Single use equipment
- 5. Sterile packaging
-
___: Diseases those are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future
Emerging Infectious Diseases
-
Contributing factors for emerging Infectious Diseases
- 1. Genetic recombination - E. coli O157, avian influenza (H5N1)
- 2. Evolution of new strains - V. cholerae O139
- 3. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides - resistant strains
- 4. Changes in weather patterns - Hantavirus
-
Emerging Infectious Diseases by Modern transportation
West Nile virus
-
Emerging Infectious Diseases by Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement
Coccidioidomycosis
-
Emerging Infectious Diseases by Animal control measures
Lyme disease
-
Emerging Infectious Diseases by Public health failure
Diphtheria
-
___: the study of where and when diseases occur
Epidemiology
-
___: Collection and analysis of data
Descriptive Epidemiology
-
___: Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group
Analytical Epidemiology
-
___: Controlled experiments
Experimental Epidemiology
-
Epidemiology
- ___: Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices
- Case reporting
-
___: Physicians are required to report occurrence
Nationally notifiable diseases
|
|