medical terminology gastrointestinal system

the breaking down of fluid and foods into simple chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood stream and carried throughout the body

the expulsion of waste products from the body through excretion of feces

the mouth or oral cavity

____ connect the mouth with three major pairs of salivary glands

glands that secrete saliva to moisten the food during chewing

glands located at the side of the face, in front and below the external ear

glands located, as the name implies, beneath the mandible or lower jaw

glands located, as the name indicates, under the tongue

a cavity that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus and assists in swallowing by taking food and pushing it toward the esophagus

the muscular tube that extends from the pharynx through the mediastinum and then on to the stomach

sphincter in the upper border of the esophagus

rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

structure located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm. Its upper border attaches to the lower end of the esophagus. It is able to collapse and expand, depending on the amount of food and liquid taken in at any given occassion

guards the opening of the stomach and opens as food approaches

the lateral portion of the stomach

the medial surface of the stomach

part of the stomach lying near the junction of the stomach and esophagus

enlarged portion of the stomach lying above and to the left of the esophageal opening into the stomach

lower portion of the stomach, lying near the junction of the stomach and the duodenum

structure whose purpose is to serve as a temporary storage for food and a place where digestion begins

once the stomach has completed mixing food with gastric secretions, it moves the gastric contents into the ______

the first part of the chyme's journey

semi-fluid substance created when the stomach mixes the food with gastric secretions

the valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the first segment of the large intestine

structure extending from the ileocal valve to the anus. It absorbs water, secretes mucus, and eliminates digestive wastes

structure resembling a sac that comprises the first few inches of the large intestines (begins just below the ileocecal valve)

rises on the right posterior abdominal wall, then turns sharply under the liver at the hepatic flexure

situated above the small intestine, passes horizontally across the abdomen and below the liver, stomach, and spleen (at the left splenic flexure it turns downward)

strucure starts near the spleen and extends down the left side of the abdomen into the pelvic cavity

descends through the pelvic cavity, where it becomes the rectum

last few inches of the large intestine; terminates in teh anus

innermost lining of the GI tract; composed of epithelial and surface cells and loose connective tissue

the layer of lining that surrounds the mucosa. It is made up of loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerve network.

around the submucosa, lies the ________, which is composed of skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus and longitudinal and circular, smooth muscle fiber elsewhere in the tract.

GI's tract outer covering. It is called the tunica adventicia of the esophagus and rectum, and the tunica serosa elsewhere

the visceral peritoneum on the esophagus and rectum

outer covering of the abdominal organs

outer covering that lines the abdominal cavity

the muscular valve that controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice

this organs digestive function is to produce bile for export to the duodenum

the liver's functional unit, made up of a plate of hepatic cells that encircle a central vein and spread outward

hepatic cells

structures that seperate the hepacyte plates (of the liver's lobule) from each other and are the liver's capillary system

cells that line the sinusoids and remove bacteria and toxins that have entered the blood through the intestinal capillaries

ducts merge into the right and left hepatic ducts to form the _________

the hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the _______, which leads to the duodenum

structure that looks like a pear that is hidden under the liver and joined to the larger organ by the systic duct; its function is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver

hormone that stimulates the gallbladder which makes it contract, the hepatopancreatic ampulla relaxes, and bile is released into the common bile duct for delivery to the duodenum

organ that lies behind the stomach with its head and neck extending into the curve of the duodenum and its tail lying against the spleen. It contains two cell types

cells from which hormones are secreted into the blood

cells from which enzymes are secreted through ducts to the digestive system

named for Paul Langerhans, the German physician who discovered them. These microscopic structures are scattered through out the pancreas and contain alpha and beta cells

cells which are secrete glucagon

a hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis)

term that refers to increased abdominal girth-resulting from increased intr-abdominal pressure forcing the abdominal wall outward

loss of appetite

refers to the abdominal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

a profound state of overall ill health and malnutrition characterized by weakness and emaciation

acute abdominal pain

refers to decreased passage of stools. Stools are charcteristically hard and dry

rapid movement of fecal material through the intestine that causes poor absorption of water and nutrients. Stools are watery and frequent

gastric disturbance, such as fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea that occurs after eating

difficult or painful swallowing

an expulsion of the stomach contents by vomiting

refers to the upper and middle regions of the abdomen

an accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or sigimoid colon that cannot be evacuated

refers to the inability to prevent the discharge of feces

refers to a sensation of gaseous abdominal fullness

a burning sensation in the esophagus or below the sternum in the region of the heart

vomiting blood

enlarged liver

mechanical intestinal obstruction

yellow appearance of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes, resulting from elevated serum bilirubin levels

unpleasant feeling that typically precedes vomiting

amout of blood so small that it can be seen or detected only by a chemical test or microscopic examination

craving and ingestion of normally inedible substances, such as plaster, charcoal, clay, wool, ashes, paint, and dirt

consuming abnormally amounts of food

chronic, excessive thirst

spasmodic cotraction of the anal sphincter (the person has a persistant urge to defecate and an uncontrollable, ineffective straining at stool. This occurs in inflammatory bowel disorders such as ulcerative colitis, rectal tumors, and Crohn's disease

forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth

test that checks for the presence of H. pylori, which is associated with chronic gastritis and idiopathic chronic duodenal ulceration

test that measures the level of the pancreatic enzyme alpha-amylase, which is active in the digestion of starch and glycogen

test that measures serum levels of bilirubin, the main pigment in bile and the major product of hemoglobin breakdown

test that measures the circulating levels of free cholesterol and cholester esters

test that measures the amount of lipase in the blood; large amounts indicate damage to the pancreas

test that helps detect and evaluate tumors and other abdominal disorders

radiographic examination of the large intestine after rectal installation of barium, a radiopaque contrast medium

radiographic examination of the throat and esophagus after rectal installation of barium, a radiopaque contrast medium

involves the fluoroscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after the patient ingests a contrast medium

a visual inspection of a body cavity using an optical instrument called an endoscope

an endoscopic examination of the interior of the peritoneal cavity

an endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon

a bacteriologic examination of the feces

a closed esophagus

hollowed outpouchings in the esophageal wall

narrowing of the esophagus

enlarged, torturous veins in the lower esophagus that are caused by portal hypertension

inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the esophagus

backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus

inflammation of the gums

inflammation of the tongue

protrusion of the stomach through structural defect in the diaphragm at the esophageal opening

progression of gingivitis involving an inflammation of the oral mucosa

inflammation of the mouth

abnormal connection or opening between the trachea and the esophagus

chronic disease that prevents an individual from tolerating foods containing gluten or wheat protein

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually involves the proximal portion of the colon and, less commonly, the terminal ileum

bulging pouches (diverticula) in the GI wall. It is most often in the sigmoid colon , that pushes the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle

inflammation of one or more of the diverticuli

presence of diverticuli without accompanying inflammation

inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining