-
the breaking down of fluid and foods into simple chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood stream and carried throughout the body
digestion
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the expulsion of waste products from the body through excretion of feces
elimination
-
the mouth or oral cavity
buccal cavity
-
____ connect the mouth with three major pairs of salivary glands
ducts
-
glands that secrete saliva to moisten the food during chewing
salivary glands
-
glands located at the side of the face, in front and below the external ear
parotid
-
glands located, as the name implies, beneath the mandible or lower jaw
submandibular
-
glands located, as the name indicates, under the tongue
sublingual
-
a cavity that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus and assists in swallowing by taking food and pushing it toward the esophagus
pharynx (throat)
-
the muscular tube that extends from the pharynx through the mediastinum and then on to the stomach
esophagus
-
sphincter in the upper border of the esophagus
esophageal sphincter
-
rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
peristalis
-
structure located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm. Its upper border attaches to the lower end of the esophagus. It is able to collapse and expand, depending on the amount of food and liquid taken in at any given occassion
stomach
-
guards the opening of the stomach and opens as food approaches
cardiac sphincter
-
the lateral portion of the stomach
greater curvature
-
the medial surface of the stomach
lesser curvature
-
part of the stomach lying near the junction of the stomach and esophagus
cardia
-
enlarged portion of the stomach lying above and to the left of the esophageal opening into the stomach
fundus
-
lower portion of the stomach, lying near the junction of the stomach and the duodenum
pylorus
-
structure whose purpose is to serve as a temporary storage for food and a place where digestion begins
stomach
-
once the stomach has completed mixing food with gastric secretions, it moves the gastric contents into the ______
intestine
-
the first part of the chyme's journey
small intestine
-
semi-fluid substance created when the stomach mixes the food with gastric secretions
chyme
-
the valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the first segment of the large intestine
ileocecal valve
-
structure extending from the ileocal valve to the anus. It absorbs water, secretes mucus, and eliminates digestive wastes
large intestine
-
structure resembling a sac that comprises the first few inches of the large intestines (begins just below the ileocecal valve)
cecum
-
rises on the right posterior abdominal wall, then turns sharply under the liver at the hepatic flexure
ascending colon
-
situated above the small intestine, passes horizontally across the abdomen and below the liver, stomach, and spleen (at the left splenic flexure it turns downward)
transverse colon
-
strucure starts near the spleen and extends down the left side of the abdomen into the pelvic cavity
descending colon
-
descends through the pelvic cavity, where it becomes the rectum
sigimoid colon
-
last few inches of the large intestine; terminates in teh anus
rectum
-
innermost lining of the GI tract; composed of epithelial and surface cells and loose connective tissue
mucosa (tunica mucosa)
-
the layer of lining that surrounds the mucosa. It is made up of loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerve network.
submucosa (tunica submucosa)
-
around the submucosa, lies the ________, which is composed of skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus and longitudinal and circular, smooth muscle fiber elsewhere in the tract.
tunica muscularis
-
GI's tract outer covering. It is called the tunica adventicia of the esophagus and rectum, and the tunica serosa elsewhere
visceral peritoneum
-
the visceral peritoneum on the esophagus and rectum
tunica adventitia
-
outer covering of the abdominal organs
visceral peritoneum
-
outer covering that lines the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
-
the muscular valve that controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice
hepatopancreatic sphincter or Oddi's sphincter
-
this organs digestive function is to produce bile for export to the duodenum
liver
-
the liver's functional unit, made up of a plate of hepatic cells that encircle a central vein and spread outward
lobule
-
hepatic cells
hepatocytes
-
structures that seperate the hepacyte plates (of the liver's lobule) from each other and are the liver's capillary system
sinusoids
-
cells that line the sinusoids and remove bacteria and toxins that have entered the blood through the intestinal capillaries
Kuppfer's cells
-
ducts merge into the right and left hepatic ducts to form the _________
common hepatic duct
-
the hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the _______, which leads to the duodenum
common bile ductq
-
structure that looks like a pear that is hidden under the liver and joined to the larger organ by the systic duct; its function is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver
gallbladder
-
hormone that stimulates the gallbladder which makes it contract, the hepatopancreatic ampulla relaxes, and bile is released into the common bile duct for delivery to the duodenum
cholecystokinin hormone
-
organ that lies behind the stomach with its head and neck extending into the curve of the duodenum and its tail lying against the spleen. It contains two cell types
pancreas
-
cells from which hormones are secreted into the blood
endocrine cells
-
cells from which enzymes are secreted through ducts to the digestive system
exocrine system
-
named for Paul Langerhans, the German physician who discovered them. These microscopic structures are scattered through out the pancreas and contain alpha and beta cells
islets of Langerhans
-
cells which are secrete glucagon
alpha cells
-
a hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis)
cells that secrete insulin to promote carbohydrate metabolism
-
term that refers to increased abdominal girth-resulting from increased intr-abdominal pressure forcing the abdominal wall outward
abdominal distention
-
loss of appetite
anorexia
-
refers to the abdominal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
-
a profound state of overall ill health and malnutrition characterized by weakness and emaciation
cachexia
-
acute abdominal pain
colic
-
refers to decreased passage of stools. Stools are charcteristically hard and dry
constipation
-
rapid movement of fecal material through the intestine that causes poor absorption of water and nutrients. Stools are watery and frequent
diarrhea
-
gastric disturbance, such as fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea that occurs after eating
dyspepsia
-
difficult or painful swallowing
dysphagia
-
an expulsion of the stomach contents by vomiting
emesis
-
refers to the upper and middle regions of the abdomen
epigastrum
-
an accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or sigimoid colon that cannot be evacuated
fecal impaction
-
refers to the inability to prevent the discharge of feces
fecal incontinence
-
refers to a sensation of gaseous abdominal fullness
flatulence
-
a burning sensation in the esophagus or below the sternum in the region of the heart
heartburn (pyrosis)
-
vomiting blood
hematemasis
-
enlarged liver
hepatomegaly
-
mechanical intestinal obstruction
ileus
-
yellow appearance of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes, resulting from elevated serum bilirubin levels
jaundice
-
unpleasant feeling that typically precedes vomiting
nausea
-
amout of blood so small that it can be seen or detected only by a chemical test or microscopic examination
occult blood
-
craving and ingestion of normally inedible substances, such as plaster, charcoal, clay, wool, ashes, paint, and dirt
pica
-
consuming abnormally amounts of food
polyphagia
-
chronic, excessive thirst
polydipsia
-
spasmodic cotraction of the anal sphincter (the person has a persistant urge to defecate and an uncontrollable, ineffective straining at stool. This occurs in inflammatory bowel disorders such as ulcerative colitis, rectal tumors, and Crohn's disease
rectal tenesmus
-
forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth
vomiting
-
test that checks for the presence of H. pylori, which is associated with chronic gastritis and idiopathic chronic duodenal ulceration
helicobater pylori antibodies test
-
test that measures the level of the pancreatic enzyme alpha-amylase, which is active in the digestion of starch and glycogen
serum amylase test
-
test that measures serum levels of bilirubin, the main pigment in bile and the major product of hemoglobin breakdown
serum bilirubin test
-
test that measures the circulating levels of free cholesterol and cholester esters
total cholesterol test
-
test that measures the amount of lipase in the blood; large amounts indicate damage to the pancreas
serum lipase test
-
test that helps detect and evaluate tumors and other abdominal disorders
flat plate of the abdomen or abdominal x-ray
-
radiographic examination of the large intestine after rectal installation of barium, a radiopaque contrast medium
barium enema
-
radiographic examination of the throat and esophagus after rectal installation of barium, a radiopaque contrast medium
barium swallow
-
involves the fluoroscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after the patient ingests a contrast medium
upper GI and small bowel series
-
a visual inspection of a body cavity using an optical instrument called an endoscope
endoscopy
-
an endoscopic examination of the interior of the peritoneal cavity
laparoscopy
-
an endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscopy
-
a bacteriologic examination of the feces
stool culture
-
a closed esophagus
esophogeal atresia
-
hollowed outpouchings in the esophageal wall
esophageal diverticula
-
narrowing of the esophagus
esophageal stricture
-
enlarged, torturous veins in the lower esophagus that are caused by portal hypertension
esophageal varices
-
inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the esophagus
esophagitis
-
backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux
-
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
-
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
-
protrusion of the stomach through structural defect in the diaphragm at the esophageal opening
hiatal hernia
-
progression of gingivitis involving an inflammation of the oral mucosa
preodotitis
-
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
-
abnormal connection or opening between the trachea and the esophagus
tracheoesophageal fistula
-
chronic disease that prevents an individual from tolerating foods containing gluten or wheat protein
celiac disease
-
a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually involves the proximal portion of the colon and, less commonly, the terminal ileum
celiac disease
-
bulging pouches (diverticula) in the GI wall. It is most often in the sigmoid colon , that pushes the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
diverticular disease
-
inflammation of one or more of the diverticuli
diverticulitis
-
presence of diverticuli without accompanying inflammation
diverticulosis
-
inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining
gastritis
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