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Movements of the Back
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- lateral flexation
- rotation
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Extrinsic Muscles
(on the back)
f: move the upper arm
include: levator scapulae, rhomboid (major and minor), trapezius, latissimus dorsi, teres (major and minor), fossal muscles (infraspinatis, supraspinatus, subscapularis), deltoid, serratus posterior (superior and inferior)
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Intrinsic Muscles
(of the back)
f: posture and alignment
include: splenius (capitis and cervicis), erector spinae (iliocostalis, longismus, spinalis), semispinalis, quadratus lumborum, intertransversarii, multifidi, rotators, interspinalis
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Flexion
decrease in angle (bending forward)
cervical back: touching chin to manubrium
thoracic back: shrugging shoulders forward
lumbar back: bending at hips to touch floor
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Extension
increase in angle (heading backwards towards vertical)
cervical back: bringing chin from manubrium, back to vertical
thoracic back: bringing shoulder back to normal, after shrugging forward
lumbar back: after being bent forward, bent at the hips, returning to a vertical position
(compensatory movement = one comes before the other)
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Lateral flexion
increase in one angle, decrease in another angle, movement occurs in the frontal plane
cervical back: touching ear to shoulder, not moving shoulder
thoracic back: side to side
lumbar back: bending laterally at hips in frotnal plane
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Rotation
movement along long axis (medial and lateral rotation)
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Muscles that Move the Scapula
1. levator scapulae
2. trapezius
3. Rhomboid (major and minor)
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Action of levator Scapulae
elevate scapula, tilts its glenoid cavity inferiroly by rotating scapula
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Action of the trapezius muscle
elevate, retract, and rotate scapula
descending part: elevate pectoral girdle, maintain level of shoulders agaisnt gravity or resistance
ascending part: depresses shoulders
middle part: retracts scapula
- descending and ascending parts: rotate scapula upward w/ shoulders fixed, bilateral contraction extends neck, unilateral contraction produces lateral flexion to same side
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Action of the Rhomboid (Major and Minor)
holds scapula against thoracic wall
rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity of scapula
retracts scapula
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Muscles that move the humerus
- 1) latissimus dorsi
- 2) teres minor
- 3) teres major
- 4) infraspinatis
- 5) supraspinatis
- 6) subscapularis
- 7) deltoid
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Latissimuis Dorsi Action
extend, adduct, and medially rotate humerus
raise body towards arms while climbing
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Teres Major Action
adduct and medially rotate arm
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Teres Minor Action
laterally rotate arm
help hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula
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Infraspinatus Action
laterally rotates the arm
helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula
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Supraspinatus Action
initiate and assists deltoid in abduction of arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles
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subscapularis action
medially rotates and adducts arm; helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula
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deltoid muscle action
- clavicular part: flexes and medially rotates arm
- acromial part: abducts arm
- spinal part: extends and laterally rotates arm
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Muscles of Respiration
Serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
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Serratus Posterior Superior Action
elevates ribs
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Serratus Posterior Inferior Action
Depress Ribs
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Scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
(uneven hip alignment is a sign, so is a lateral deviation of the spine)
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Back Consists of:
- Skin
- Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
- Deep Fascia
- Extrinsic Muscles
- Intrinsic Muscles
- Ligaments
- Vertebral Column
- Ribs (in Thoracic Region)
- Spinal Cord and Meninges (covering spinal cord)
- various segmental nerves and vessels
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What do Curvatures of the Vertebral Column Provide?
flexible support (shock - absorbing resilience)
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Name the Curvatures of the Spine
- 1) Cervical
- 2) Thoracic
- 3) Lumbar
- 4) Sacral
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Name the primary curvatures
1) thoracic
2) sacral
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What is a primary curvature?
a curvature developing during fetal period
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Name the Secondary Curvatures
1) Cervical
2) Lumbar
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What is a Secondary Curvature?
a curvature that begins to appear in the cervical region during fetal period, but they do not become obvious until infancy
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what is "kyphoses"?
kyphoses = concave anteriorly
(thoracic and sacral curvatures of the vertebral column)
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what is "lordoses"?
concave posteriorly (convex anteriorly)
(cervical and lumbar curvatures of the vertebral column)
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Flexibility provided by vertebral column curvatures is resisted by what?
Flexibility provided by curvatures is actively resisted by contraction of muscle groups antagoinist to movement
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When do Lumbar Curvatures of the Vertebral Column become apparent?
Apparent when infant begins to walk and assume the upright posture
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When do Cervical Curvatures of the Vertebral Column become apparent?
prominant when infant holds head erect
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what is the lumbosacral angle?
the lumbosacral angle is the junction of lumbar region of vertebrae and the sacrum
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Name all of the bones of the Vertebral Column
(provide name and number of each)
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacrum (5)
- Coccyx (4)
That makes 33 total
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Landmarks of the Back (304 - lecture book)
- 1. intergluteal cleft
- 2. dimples indicating posterior superior iliac spine
- 3. os coxae
- 4. scapula
- 5. ribs
- 6. spinous processes of vertebrae
- 7. vertebral prominens (spinous process of C7)
- 8. posterior medial furrow
- 9. nuchal groove (site of nuchal ligament)
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