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Definition of Inflammation
Reaction of a vascularized living tissue to focal injury
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"The suffix ""-itis"" refers to"
Inflammation of a structure
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"The suffix ""-osis"" refers to"
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- variety of noninflammatory nonneoplastic diseases
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Causes of inflammation
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- infectious organisms
- noxious chemicals
- physical causes (trauma)
- endogenous substances in excess or in the wrong place (enzymes, uric acid, etc.)
- autoimmune-mediated (SLE - systemic lupus erythematous)
- neoplasia (tumors)
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Constituents of inflammation
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- circulating cells
- connective tissue cells
- extracellular matrix
- basement membrane
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Categories of Inflammation - General Criteria for Classification
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- duration of lesion
- distribution of lesion
- severity of lesion
- predominant cell type / exudate present
- response of involved tissue
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Categories of Inflammation - Specific Criteria for Classification
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- acute
: minutes-days; neutrophils & fluid protein exudates- chronic
: days-years; lymphocytes & macrophages; tissue destruction & repair- granulomatous
: special type of chronic inflammation with granulomata / epitheliod histiocytes, macrophages, and giant cells- repair
: resolution of inflammation to the previous state or scar formation- inflammation is terminated when injurious stimulus is removed & all the mediators are dissipated or inhibited
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Signs of Inflammation
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FIVE CARDINAL SIGNS: - heat
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
ADDITIONAL SIGNS: - transudate - ultra filtrate of plasma, low in protein
- exudate - high in protein, cloudy
- pus - exudate containing neutrophils
- effusion - collection of fluid in body cavity
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Types of Inflammation
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- Serous - dominated by fluid exudate with relatively few PMN
- Fibrinous - dominated by extravascular transformation of leaked fibrinogen to fibrin produced by tissue thromboplastins
- Mucosal Inflammation (catarrhal)
: the exudate is mostly fluid with relatively few PMNs- Mucosal Inflammation (suppurative/purulent)
: sever inflammation exudate
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Function of Chemical Mediators
from plasma or cells; amplify the inflammatory response stimulus and influence the type and length of response
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Laboratory and Systemic Signs of Inflammation
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- Leukocytosis - abnormally large number of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood
- Acute
: increased neutrophils & bands; immature forms (bands) = ""left shift""- Chronic / Viral
: lymphocytes- Parasitic / Allergies
: eosinophils
- Increased erythrocytes sedimentation rate - non-specific indicator of inflammation
- Due to increased fibrinogen & globulins in serum
- Effects of acute phase reactants - proteins that increase with onset of inflammation
- ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein
- Helpful laboratory markers
: Enzymes that ""leak"" from damaged cells- type of enzyme gives a clue to the organ or tissue damaged
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{image:457600|center}
Acute Rhinitis
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{image:457601|center}
Acute Rhinitis
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{image:457602|center}
Acute fibrinous pericarditis
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{image:457603|center}
Acute Lobar Pneumonia
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{image:457604|center}
Acute Lobar Pneumonia
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{image:457605|center}
Acute bacterial meningitis
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{image:457606|center}
Acute appendicitis
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{image:457607|center}
Acute appendicitis
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