Anthropology 101 Exam 2 NEWER

Change in allele frequency in a population from one generation to the next

Small scale, observable changes in a few generations

Random changes in allele frequency

Large scale changes, speciation

Mutation (Point Mutations, Frameshift mutations), Gene Flow, Genetic Drift (Founder Effect), Natural Selection (Sickle-Cell Anemia and malaria)

A group of potentially interbreeding individuals

Total complement of alleles in a population

The only way to get new alleles to get into a species (Point mutation, frameshift mutation, chromosomal mutation, gene flow)

Single base substitution

Insertion, deletion

Movement of alleles between populations (migration) (ex: island model)

Maintenance of 2 or more alleles in a reasonable frequency because of a selective advantage for the heterozygote

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

A group's gene pool is the result of a small number of initial migrants

Animalia-move ingest food

Chordota-notochord, gill slits

Mammalia-nurse young (monotremes = egg-laying mammals, marsupials = pouched mammals)

Primates (prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans)

Hominidee (great apes, humans)

Homo

Sapiens

Similarity in structure due to a common evolutionary descent

Similarity in structure for a reason other than common evolutionary descent

Graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships of a taxonomic group

A trait that is found among all members of the group under study

A trait found among a subset of the group under study not found in the common ancestor

A trait that is found only within 1 group included in the study

Use as many traits as possible-share most traits = most closely related

Use a small number of evolutionary important traits

A group of reproductively isolated organisms

Group of organisms who can mate and produce viable and fertile offspring

Group of organisms who will recognize each other in the wild as potential mates

Group of organisms who share an over-whelming number of traits in common

Increase in the number and diversity of a group of related species

Quadrapedality, Vertical climbers and leapers, Brachiators, Slow Quadrumanous Climbers, Knuckle-walker, Bipeds

Terrestrial (Macaques, Baboon), Arboreal (Saki, Spider monkeys)

Lemurs, galago

Gibbons/siamangs (spider monkeys)

Orangutans, lorises

Chimpanzee, Gorilla

Humans

Incisors, Canines (cuspids), Premolar (bicuspids), Molar (3-7 cusps)

2:1:2:3 (OW Monkeys, Apes and Humans) (NW Monkeys)

(1) generalized limb structure (2) prehensile hands and feet (3) opposable thumb and partially opposable big toe (4) retention of 5 digits (5) nails instead of claws (6) tactile pads at fingertips (7) generalized dentition (8) increase reliance on color vision (9) binocular vision [forward facing eyes] (10) decrease reliance on smell (11) increase brain size and complexity (12) increase k-selection

(1) Increase reliance of smell (2) more laterally placed eyes (3) shorter gestation / maturation (4) nocturnal (5) hemimandibles (6) post-orbital bar (7) dental comb (8) grooming claw

(1) post-orbital closure (2) fused mandible (3) increased importance of vision (4) diurnal (5) increased brain size and complexity

Archaeology, Osteology, Primatology, Paleoecology (Paleobotanists, Paleontologists), Geology, Chemistry, Taphonomy (study of processes that affect site or fossil from deposition to discovery)

(1) Relative Dating Techniques [younger than / older than] (2) Absolute Dating Techniques [calendar date]

(a) Pre-Cambrian [4.6bya-575mya] (b) Paleozoic "Age of Fish" [575-225mya] (c) Mesozoic "Age of Reptiles"[225-56mya] (d) Cenozoic "Age of Mammals" [65mya-present]

Tertiary Period and Quaternary Period

Paleocene [65-55], Eocene [55-34], Oligocene [34-23], Miocene [23-5], Pliocene [5-1.8]

Pleistocene [1.8mya-10,000ya], Holocene [10,000-present]

(1) Stratigraphy [law of superposition] (2) Biostratigraphy [Index fossil > [1] abundant in fossil record [2] evolves rapidly [3] cover the geographic spread of sites in question] (3) Fluorine Analysis [Piltdown Hoax] (4) Paleomagnetism [Iron pieces point N or S, Responds to the position of magnetic North]

(1) Potassium-Argon [Potassium 40 decays into Argon 40 at a known rate (half-life of 1.3by), take a volcanic rock and measure the amount of Argon 40 captured within it and compare it to the amount of Potassium, using a formula that includes the half-life you can determine when that rock was last part of a volcanic eruption] (2) Radiocarbon Dating [only work on organic items, only up to 50,000ya]

(a) flat noses (b) 2133 dental formula

(a) down-turned noses (b) 2123 dental formula (c) sexual dimorphism

(a) Callitrichidae [(Marmosets, Tamarins) Insectovores, Vertical climbers and leapers, mated pair or polyandrous] (b) Cebidae [(Capuchins, Owl Monkeys, Spider Monkeys) Arboreal Quadrupeds and Semibrachiators, same sex groups, mated pairs, fruit and leaf eaters]

(a) Cercopithecoidea [OW Monkeys] (b) Hominoidea [apes, humans]

(a) Hylobatidae (b) Hominidae

(a) Ponginae (b) Gorillanae (c) Homininae [Tribe Panini, Tribe Hominini]

(Lesser Apes) Gibbons and Siamangs-SE Asia, Brachiators, Monogamous pair bonds, frugivores

Pongo pygmaeus (Orangutan)-SE Asia, Solitary, Slow Quadrumanous Climbers, Frugivores

Gorilla gorilla (Gorilla)-Africa [2 subspecies-Mountain and Lowland], Dominant male with several females, knucklewalker, leaf eaters

(1) Tribe Panini (a) Pan troglodytes [Common Chimpanzee]-Africa, Large multisex troop, knucklewalker, omnivores (b) Pan paniscus [Bonobo Chimpanzee]-Africa, Large multisex troop, knucklewalker, omnivores (2) Tribe Hominini (a) Homo Sapiens-Everywhere, Large multisex groups, Bipedal, Omnivores, Serial Monogamy

(a) absence of tail (b) stable lower back (c) complex brain and behavior (d) increased length or maturation

Paleocene, Pleisiadipiforms

1st Prosimians-Omomyoids, Adapoids

1st Anthropoids-Fayum Depression, Agyptopithecus

1st Hominoids-Proconsul, Dryopithecus, Kenyapithecus [dental apes, thin enamel, parallel tooth rows, y-5 molars]

Ancestral to modern orangutans

(1) Rate of decay (2) How much radioactive isotope is present now (3) How much radio active isotope was present and time of interest

Isotope > alternate version of an atom. Radioactive isotopes-rate of decay=half-life

Number of years it takes for half of the remaining radioactive isotope to decay into the stable daughter isotope