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Evolution
Change in allele frequency in a population from one generation to the next
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Microevolution
Small scale, observable changes in a few generations
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Macroevolution
Large scale changes, speciation
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Mechanisms of Evolution
Mutation (Point Mutations, Frameshift mutations), Gene Flow, Genetic Drift (Founder Effect), Natural Selection (Sickle-Cell Anemia and malaria)
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Population
A group of potentially interbreeding individuals
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Gene Pool
Total complement of alleles in a population
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Mutation
The only way to get new alleles to get into a species (Point mutation, frameshift mutation, chromosomal mutation, gene flow)
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Point Mutation
Single base substitution
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Frameshift Mutation
Insertion, deletion
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Gene Flow
Movement of alleles between populations (migration) (ex: island model)
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Balanced Polymorphism
Maintenance of 2 or more alleles in a reasonable frequency because of a selective advantage for the heterozygote
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7 main levels of taxonomy
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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TAXONOMY: Kingdom
Animalia - move ingest food
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TAXONOMY: Phylum
Chordota - notochord, gill slits
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TAXONOMY: Class
Mammalia - nurse young (monotremes = egg-laying mammals, marsupials = pouched mammals)
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TAXONOMY: Order
Primates (prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans)
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TAXONOMY: Family
Hominidee (great apes, humans)
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TAXONOMY: Species
Sapiens
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Homology
Similarity in structure due to a common evolutionary descent
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Homoplasy
Similarity in structure for a reason other than common evolutionary descent
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Phylogenetic trees (phylogenes)
Graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships of a taxonomic group
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Ancestral Trait
A trait that is found among all members of the group under study
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Shared Derived Traits
A trait found among a subset of the group under study not found in the common ancestor
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Uniquely Derived Traits
A trait that is found only within 1 group included in the study
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Phenetics (Evolutionary Systematics)
Use as many traits as possible - share most traits = most closely related
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Cladistics
Use a small number of evolutionary important traits
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Species
A group of reproductively isolated organisms
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Biological species concept
Group of organisms who can mate and produce viable and fertile offspring
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Mate Recognition Species Concept
Group of organisms who will recognize each other in the wild as potential mates
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Morphological Species Concept
Group of organisms who share an over-whelming number of traits in common
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Adaptive Radiations
Increase in the number and diversity of a group of related species
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Locomotor Patterns
Quadrapedality, Vertical climbers and leapers, Brachiators, Slow Quadrumanous Climbers, Knuckle-walker, Bipeds
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LOCOMOTOR PATTERN: Quadrapedality
Terrestrial (Macaques, Baboon), Arboreal (Saki, Spider monkeys)
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LOCOMOTOR PATTERN: Vertical climbers and leapers
Lemurs, galago
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LOCOMOTOR PATTERN: Brachiators
Gibbons/siamangs (spider monkeys)
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LOCOMOTOR PATTERN: Slow Quadrumanous Climbers
Orangutans, lorises
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LOCOMOTOR PATTERN: Knuckle-walker
Chimpanzee, Gorilla
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LOCOMOTOR PATTERN: Bipeds
Humans
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Teeth
Incisors, Canines (cuspids), Premolar (bicuspids), Molar (3-7 cusps)
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Dental Formula
2:1:2:3 (OW Monkeys, Apes and Humans) (NW Monkeys)
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- Geologic Time � know the different eras, periods and epochs
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- Characteristics of Primates (why might primates have these characteristics)
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- Differences between prosimians and anthropoids
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- Platyrhines (NW monkeys) and Catarrhines (OW Monkeys, Apes and Humans) � know the differences and the members of each group
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- Know the variability among the Hominoids and the features common to them. Also know the specifics about the great apes.
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- Understand the main concepts from the movie �Monkey in the Mirror� �Dominance Hierarchies, Primate intelligence, Primate culture
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- Primate origins � probably in Paleocene � but no definite so we cannot say that � Remember
the Pleisiadipiforms
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- Eocene � (1st Prosimians � Omomyoids, Adapoids), Oligocene (1st Anthropoids � Fayum, Agyptopithecus), Miocene (1stHominoids)
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- Miocene � Dental Apes � (Y-5 molar, parallel tooth rows, etc�) � include Proconsul,
Moratopithecus, Kenyapithecus - Also have Sivapithecus as ancestral to Orangutans
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- Paleoanthropology � multidisciplinary
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- Dating Methods � Absolute vs Relative
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- Relative � Stratigraphy (uses superposition), Biostratigraphy (index fossils), Fluorine Analysis (Piltdown Hoax) and Paleomagnetism (Magnetic north pole)
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- Absolute- Potassium Argon ( Potassium 40 decays into Argon 40 at a known rate (halflife of 1.3by), take a volcanic rock and measure the amount of Argon 40 captured within it and
- compare it to the amount of Potassium, using a formula that includes the half-life you can
- determine when that rock was last part of a volcanic eruption.
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