Nursing Fundamentals

resistence of the body to infection where host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by other source

resistence of body to infection where host produces its own antibodies in response to natural or artificial antigens

infection that appears suddenly and lasts short amount of time

these are used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns (such as tuberculosis)

immunoglobins part of the bodys plasma proteins which defend mostly against extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections

a substance capable of inducing the formation of antibodies

agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms

freedom from infection or infectious material

antigen that originates in a person's body

bacteria in the blood

the most common infection causing microorganisms

microorganisms carried in blood n body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons with serious and difficult to treat viral infections like Hep B/C and HIV

generic infection control precautions for all clients except those w diseases transmitted thru air

person or animal that harbors an infectious agent and serves as potential source of infection n doesn't manifest any clinical signs of disease

immunity occuring thru T cell system

infection that occurs slowly over a very long period of time and may last month or years

free of potentially infectious agents

presence of organism in body secretions or excretions where strains of bacteria become resident flora but do not cause illness

a disease that is spread from one person to another

any person at increased risk for infection

lab cultivations of microorganisms in special growth medium

denoted the likely presence of microorganisms which may be capable of causing infection

an alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities and shortening life span

agebts that destroy pathogens other than spores

residue of evaporated droplets that remains in the air for long periods of time

methods used to reduce exposure to infectious agents transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns

developing from within

developing from outside sources

material such as fluid n cells that have escaped from blood vessels during the inflammatory process n is deposited in tissue or on tissue services

infection causing microorganisms that include yeast and mold

young connective tissue with new capillaries formed in the wound healing process

antibody mediated defense resides in B lymphocytes n is mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

increased blood flow to an area

infections that are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

specific resistance of body to infection; may be natural or produced by exposure

the disease process produced by microorganisms

local and nonspecific defense tissue response to injury or destruction of cells

practice that prevents the spread of infection and communicable disease

white blood cells

an increased number of white blood cells

an infection that is limited to a specific part of the body where microorganisms stay

practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area limiting number, growth and spread

bodily defenses that protect against all microorganisms regardless to previous exposure

infections contracted thru health care services in healthcare facility

skin, eye, mucous membrane or parenteral contact w blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employees duties

microorganism causing disease only in a suseptible individual

microorganisms that live in or on another from which it obtains nourishment

a pathogens ability to produce disease

renewal, regrowth or replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function

a source of microorganisms

microorganisms that normally reside on the skin n mucous membranes and inside respiratory and GI tract

the presence of pathogenic organismsor their toxins in the blood or body tissue

occurs when bacteremia results in systemic infection

immune functions directed against indentifiable bacteria, fungi, viruses or other infectious agents

specified area considered free from microorganism

practiced that keep an area or object free of microorganism

a process that destroys all microorganisms including spores n viruses

occurs when pathogens spread n damage different parts of body

techniques to be used with all clients to prevent spread of germs

animal or insect that serves as means of transportation of infectious agent

any substance that serves as mean of transport n introduce infectious agent into a susceptable host thru suitable portal of entry

ability to produce disease

nucleic acid-based infectious agents

The following are resident microorganisms of what part of the body?
Staphylococcus epidermis, propionibacterium acnes, staphylococcus aureus, corynebacterium xerosis, pityrosporum oxale (yeast)

The Following are resident microorganisms to what part of the body?
staphylococcus aureus & staphylococcus epidermis

This resident microorganism is found where?
Streptococcus pneumoniae

The following resident microorganism are found where on the body?
streptococcus mutans, lactobacillis, bacteroides, actinomyces

These resident microorganisms are found where in the body?
bactreroides, fusobacterium, eubacterium, lactobacillis, streptococcus, enterobacteriaceae, shigella, escheria coli

this is normal microorganisms of what body part?
staphylococcus epidermis

Proteus is a resident microorganism of what body part?

Lactobacillus, bacteroides, clostridium and candida albicans are normal microorganisms of what body part

if a microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease it is called

what are the four major categories of microorganisms that cause disease?

Most common cause of nosocomial infection in the ____________ are:
e. coli, enterococcus species and pseudomonas aeruginosa
and are due to improper catherization technique, contamination of closed drainage system and inadequate hand cleansing

The most common microorganisms that cause nosocomial infection on ________________ are:
staphylococcus aerus (MRSA), enterococcus species (VRE) & pseudomonas aeuginosa
and are due to inadequate hand cleansing, improper technique

The most common causes of nosocomial infections in the ________ are:
coagulase-negative, staphylococci, staphylococcus aerus & enterococcus species
And are due to inadequate hand cleansing & improper site care

The most common cause of nosocomial infections resulting in ___________ are:
staphylococcus aereus, pseudomonas aeruginosa & enterobacter species
And are due to inadequate hand cleansing and improper technique

What is the order of the chain of infection?

"Entering reservation portal method portrays susceptibility"

E R P M P S

What are the five signs of inflammation?

What is the first stage of inflammatory response?

What is the second stage of inflammatory response?

What is the third stage of inflammatory process?

what is the normal range for leukocytes in the body?

What are the 3 major types of exudate?

What tissues have little regenerative capacity?

When regeneration is not possible repair occurs by ______________________?

What are the three main T cell groups?

C. difficile is an infection of the colon n is almost always caused by?

What are the 4 strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings?

What are the measures to reduce a person's susceptability to infection?

Macrolide Antibiotics prevent bacteria from growing by interfering w their ability to make proteins. What is its brand and generic name?

4 methods of sterilization are?

The client is a chronic carrier of infection. To prevent the spread of infection what intervention does the nurse emphasize?
A. Eliminate the reservoir
B. Block the portal of entry to the host
C. Block the portal of exit from the reservoir
D. Decrease the susceptability of the host

The most effective action for controlling infections, includes which of the following?
A. administer broad spectrum prophylactic antibiotics
B. Wearing gloves n mask
C. implementing proper isolation precautions
D. Thorough hand cleansing

In caring for a client on contact precautions for a draining infected foot ulcer the nnurse should perform which of the following?
A. Provide disposible meal trays and silverware
B. use surgical aseptic technique for all direct contact with client
C. Follow standard precautions in all interactions with client
D. wear a mask while changing dressing

When caring for the same client which can you resuse?
A. Goggles
B. Surgical mask
C. Clean gloves
D. Gown

blow from blunt instrument (closed wound/bruised skin)

Open wound deep or shallow caused by sharp instrument

Open wound like a surfrace scrap

Open wound; penetration of the skin and the underlying tissue by a sharp instrument

Open wound; edges are jagged; tissues torn apart often by accidents

Open, penetration of the skin and underlying tissue

a lesion caused by unrelieved pressure

When pressure is relieved, the skin takes on a bright red flush and is called...

a process in which extra blood floods to the area to compensate for the preceding period od impeded blood flow is called

a force acting paralell to the skin surface

a combination of friction and pressure

tissue softened by prolonged wetting or soaking

The ______________ is initiated immediately after injury and lasts 3 to 6 days; hemostasis and phagocytosis occur here.

What are the stages of wound healing?

The __________ phase occurs from day 4 to day 21 where fibroblasts migrate to the wound and start to synthesize collagen

a whitish protein that adds tensile strength to the wound

This phase begins at day 21 and extends for a year or more after injury.

a blister has this type of exudate it has few cells and is clear

_________ has pus , dead debri n bacteria

The process of pus formation is called...

the bacteria that produce pus are called

this exudate consists of large amounts of RBC, usually seen in open wounds

clear and blood tinged exudate commonly seen in surgical inscisions is called

discharge consisting of blood n pus seen in infected new wounds is called...

a localized collection of blood underneath the skin that may appear as a bruise is called

black, brown or tan tissue that adheres firmly to the wound bed or ulcer edges and may either be firmer or softer than surrounding skin

yellow or white tissue that adheres to the ulcer bed in strings or thick clumps or is mucinous

pink or beefy red tissue with a shiny tissue most and granular in appearence

for superficial ulcers new pink or shiny tissue that grows in from the edges or as islands on the ulcer surface

the wound is completely covered with new skin

partial or total rupturing of a sutured wound

the protrusion of the internal viscera thru an inscision

removal of necrotic material, tissue or body part

a moist gauze dressing applied to a wound

the perioperative period encompasses what three phases?

This phase begins when decision to have surgery is made and ends when client is transferred to operating table

this phase begins when the client is transferred onto the operating table and ends when the client is admited to the PACU

this phase begins w the admission of patient to postanesthesia area and ends when healing is complete

this surgery is performed immediately to preserve function or life

this surgery is performed when surgical intervention is preferred treatment for condition

this surgery involves a high degree of risk

this surgery involves little risk and produces few complications

what are the five reasons for surgical procedures?

this surgery confirms or establishes diagnosis

this surgery reduces or relieves pain or symptoms of disease

this type of surgery removes a diseased body part (like gallbladder removal)

this type of surgery restores function or appearence that has been lost or reduced like breast implant

this surgery replaces malfunctioning structures like kidney transplant

This vitamin promotes epiltheliazation and enhances collagen synthesis

This vitamin is a cofactor of the enzyme system

This vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis affecting wound tensile strength

This vitamin is essential in the synthesis of prothrombin and thus coagulation

These three vitamins are also involved in collagen synthesis

What are the routine perioperative screening tests

what are medications that are commonly used preoperatively?

stationary clot adhered to the wall of a vessel

inflammation of a vein followed by formation of blood clot

a blood clot that has moved

collapse of the alveoli in the lungs

What forms the respiratory membrane

pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs

pressure within the lungs

the expansibility or stretchability of lung tissue

the continual tendency of the lungs to collapse away from the chest wall

a lipoprotein produced by aveolar cells that acts like detergant reducing surface tension of aveolar fluid in lungs

the pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture according to its concentration in the mixture

what factors affect the rate of oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues?

accumulated carbon dioxide in the blood is called

the drainage by gravity of secretions from various lung segments is called

when air collects in the pleural space is known as

blood or fluid in the pleural space that places pressure on lung tissue n intereferes w lung expansion