Psyc 129

• Craving= enhanced transmission in the
• mesocorticalimbic dopamine system during drug use.

• Dopamine and Seritonin= produce drug hunger and
• real hunger.

-Dopamine= primary fuel for addiction

• -Acetylocholine= Addition is a potential role of
• acetylocholine, conditioned, learned, reward…

- They both establish addiction

• -
• Reduced
• dopamine activity from drugs make learning difficult.

• -
• -Dopamine is
• released when reward pathway is stimulated.

Frontal Lobe- Motor, speech and thought process.

• Parietal Lobe- Cognition, Information processing,
• pain and touch (somata sensory).

Occipital Lobe- Vision

Temporal Lobe- Auditory, memory and learning.

• -Forebrain=
• cortex and lobes, (sub cortical) Limbic system, Basal Ganglia, thalamus,
• Hypothalamus (the forebrain is broken down into 2 sections)

• -Telencephalon =
• Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia and Limbic System= organization and planning,
• motor, learning memory.

• -Diencephalon =
• Thalamus and Hypothalamus.= eating, drinking, sex, biorhythms and temperature
• control.

• First neural plate folds, curls over to make
• forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

• -Absorption of light causes rhodopsin
• to break into opsin and retinal.

-Enzymes break down cyclic GMP.

-Fewer sodium channels remain open.

• -Cell hyperpolarizes in light (it’s
• depolarized in the dark).

• -Photoreceptors produce graded
• potentials

• ANSWER
• 2

• -Photopigments are located in the
• membrane of the outer segment of rods and cones

• -Each pigment consists of an opsin
• (a protein) and retinal (a lipid)

• -In the dark, membrane NA+
• channels are open -> glutamate is released which depolarizes the membrane

• -Light splits the opsin and retinal
• apart->

• -Activates transducin (G
• protein)->

-Activates phosphodiesterase->

• -Reduces cGMP -> closes NA+
• channels

• -The net effect of light is to hyperpolarize the retinal
• receptor and reduce the release of glutamate.

• -
• Striate

• -
• Secondary
• pathway- Tectum – back to aliarybody (pupil control) to hypothamamus, then to
• colliculus

• - Parallel processing- two eyes to see depth
• perception in the world. The two eyes provide two visual streams. Appear to be
• independent streams of information about light and dark. Ganglion cells of both
• ON and OFF have different tyes of receptive fields.

• Strong desire to consume a drug accompanied by diminishing capacity to
• limit the intake of the drug. (SLIDES- Drug addiction is conceptualized
• as a chronic relapsing syndrome that moves from an impulse control disorder
• involving positive reinforcement to a compulsive disorder involving negative
• reinforcement)

• Vast array of variables, sometimes difficult to tease apart, typically
• associated with drug addiction, including one’s predisposition to consume
• drugs, the development of tolerance to a drug, withdrawal symptoms on the
• removal of a drug, craving for a drug, and the likelihood of relapse after
• ceasing consumption of a drug.

• Defining feature of drug addiction in which the individual becomes
• increasingly less sensitive to the drug, requires higher doses to obtain the
• initial effect of the drug.

• Defining feature of drug addiction in which the individual experiences
• either physiological or psychological symptoms after ceasing the consumption of
• a particular drug.

• Cessation of an aversive stimulus on the presentation of a particular
• response. Relapse into drug use is reinforced because it reduces the negative
• experience of withdrawal.

• Development of tolerance and withdrawal following chronic use of a drug;
• physical and psychological problems arise upon cessation of drug use.

• Cluster of cell bodies in the midbrain that synthesize dopamine; extends
• to the nucleus accumbens and is involved with reward circuits of the brain.

• plays an important role in aquiring an addiction, there is more than the
• simple pleasure. Caused the rats to keep pushing the lever for cocaine.
• Stimulation to the brain lever.

• Brain structures continuous with and sharing morphological similarities
• with the amygdaloid nuclei, including the nucleus accumbens, BNST, and olfactory
• lobe.

• -Also works with hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
• to send projections to the nucleus accumbens.

• Large collection of axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the
• septum, a structure in the limbic system. Animals respond continuously to
• receiving electrical brain stimulation in this area; consequently, it is
• considered the most prevalent brain reward system of the nervous system.

• Neurochemical technique in which the level of a neurotransmitter from a
• particular area of the brain is assessed. This technique is unique because the
• researcher can extract the neurotransmitter while the animal is engaging in a
• particular behavior.

• The rat get injections in one certain place, There is another place
• available to the rat when it is drug free. If it prefers the same compartment
• as when it was injected is it place pereference. Rats do this.

• (Mesolimbic dopamine pathway)- Neurons extending from the midbrain to
• the forebrain produce and release dopamine into the forebrain. Two pathways
• make up this system: (1) the mesocorticolimbic (reward circuit) system extends from the ventral tegmental
• area to the nucleus accumbens; (2) the nigrostriatal pathway, involved in
• neuromuscular functions, extends from the substantia nigra to the corpus
• striatum.

Persistent, intense desire to consume a drug.

• An examination of behavior
• in animals or humans whose cerebral hemispheres have been disconnected by
• cutting the corpus callosum.

• A movement disorder caused by
• damage to the substantia nigra, characterized by paucity of movement,
• difficulty in initiating willed movement, and resting tremor.

• - A result of the depletion of
• cerebral dopamine.

• A cell group in the
• midbrain that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter and innervates the striatum.

• Naked big handed and lipped
• guy.

• located in the
• metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination,
• some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans.

• Collection of nuclei within
• the cerebral hemispheres that participates in the control of movement.

• forebrain structures that
• participate in emotional behavior and learning.

• Three membranes that cover
• the surface of the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

• Sagittal plane- Left from right Coronal (or
• transverse) plane- Front from back. Horizontal
• plane- Top from Bottom.

• The cerebrospinal fluid-
• filled spaces inside the brain, consisting of the lateral ventricles, third
• ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle.

Swelling of ventricles in babies

• - Serious issue for adults
• because skull can not expland.

• Secondary vesicles: Optic
• and telencephalon and Diencephalon (between brain)

• Results from failure of the
• anterior and posterior ends of the tubes to close.

• Results from failure of the
• neural tube to close.

Optic and telencephalon

• Passes information from the
• spinal cord to the forebrain, contribute to sensory systems, control of
• movement, pain mood and pleasure.

• Cerebellum- tissue along dorsal
• lateral side or rostril hindbrain until it fuses with other side.

-3 Stages

• -PONS- ventral wall, swells to
• form PONS.

• -Medulla Oblongata – walls of
• caudal portion of hindbrain swells.

• 4th ventricle-
• residual central ventricle in hindbrain.

• The cerebral cortex, with
• six or more layers of neurons, found only in mammals.

• – Primary motor cortex- An area of the cortex in the frontal lobe that
• provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch,
• position, temperature and pain. Primary visual cortex- an area of the sensory
• cortex in the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of
• visual information.

• The sulcus in the cerebrum
• that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

• Separates Temporal and
• frontal lobes.

• Brodmann’s area 4, located
• on the precentral gyrus; the region of cortex that, when weakly stimulated,
• elicits localized signals at the body’s sensory surfaces.

• Brodmann’s area 3b located
• in the postcentral gyrus, also called S1.

• The large separation of the
• hemispheres, (right down the corpus collosum.

• The inability to recognize
• objects, even though simple sensory skills appear to be noral: most commonly
• caused by damage to posterior parietal areas of the brain.

120 million rods

-6 million cones

• Visual pigment found in
• retina, altered by light.

• The pit or depression in
• the retina at the center of the macula; in humans, the fovea contains only cone
• photoreceptors ad is specialized for high-acuity vision.

• The location on the retina where
• optic nerve axons leave the eye.

- The focusing of light by changing the shape of the eye’s lens.

• color vision reacts from 3
• different receptors.

• Color vision is based on
• red-green and blue-yellow opposition.

• A thalamic nucleus that
• relays information from the retina to the primary visual cortex.

• The topographic
• organization of visual pathways in which neighboring cells on the retina send
• information to neighboring cells in a target structure.

• The half of the visual
• field to one side of the fixation point.

• The portion of the visual
• field viewed by both eyes.

• A term used to describe the
• superior colliculus, particularly in nonmammalian vertebrates.

• A structure in the tectum
• of the midbrain that receives direct retinal input and controls saccadic eye
• movements.

Ganglion cells

• A collection of cells,
• mainl in primary visual cortical layers II & III, characterized by a high
• level of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase.

• A layer of the lateral
• geniculate nucleus containing very small clles, lying just ventral to each
• magnocellular and pavocellular layer.

• The unit of cerebral cortex
• that is necessary and sufficient to analyze one discrete point in a sensory
• surface.

• Brodmann’s area 3b located at the
• pole of the occipital lobe’ also called striate cortex and V1.

-4th Layer, Primary layer for input.

• Primary visual cortex,
• Brodmann’s area 17; also called V1.

• The region of a sensory
• surface (retina, skin) that, when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of
• a neuron.

• Optic nerve, no sensory
• area in the retina where the nerve is.