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Function of nervous system?
receive and respond to stimuli
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How do neurons work?
carry electrical and chemical messages between brain and other parts of the body
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CNS
- Central Nervous System
- concentrated neurons in the brain and spinal chord
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Effectors
tissues that respond to nerve signals
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Nerve impulses
electrical charges that transmit information
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neurotransmitter
chemicals that transmit nerve impulses
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define sensory receptors and give examples
- neurons or other cells that commnicate w/neurons
- taste, smell, sight
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retina
eyes specialized receptor - sends information to the brain
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What are the general senses?
touch, pressure, body position, vibration
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What are the special senses?
smell, taste, equilibrium, hearing, vision
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Proprioception
specialized neurons, sense joint position, tension in joints and ligaments and muscle contractions, balance information
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5 taste sensations
- sweet
- salty
- sour
- bitter
- umami
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main nerve pathway
spinal cord
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vertebrae
bones in spinal cord
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reflexes
automatic responses to stimuli
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PNS
- peripheral nervous system
- radiate out from brain and spinal cord
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notochord
long, flexible rod that runs through axis of vertical body in the future position
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function of cerebrospinal fluid
protective liquid bath that surrounds the brain
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how many neurons in the brain?
100-200 billion
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Glial cells
carry nutrients to help repair, attach bacteria
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cerebrum
controls language, memory, sensations, decision making
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lobes and functions of cerebrum
- temporal-auditory and olifactory, memory and emotion
- occipital - process visual
- parietal- touch, self awareness
- frontal - voluntary muscle movements, planning and organizing
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cerebral cortex
outer surface of cerebrum, understanding and generating of speech
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what communicates between hemispheres
corpus callosum
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caudate nuclei
Paired structures that coordinate movement
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thalmus function
relay information between spinal cord and cerebrum
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hypothalamus function
sex drive, pleasure, pain, hunger, thirst, blood pressure
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brain stem function
control respiration
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cerebellum function
controls balance, muscle movement, coordination
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Parts of the brain stem?
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- mid brain
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reticular formation
- Filter for sensory input, analyzes and filters out stimuli that requires no response
- part of medulla oblongata
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neurons usually do not divide
true
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dendrites
branches that come off neuron cell
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myelin sheath
protective layer surrounding axons
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cell body
house nucleus and organelles
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axon
Wire like structure that delivers electrical signals to dandrites
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terminal boutons
knobby ends of axons
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neuron parts
- dendrites
- cell body
- axon
- terminal boutons
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Schwann cells
supporting cells that make up the myelin
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white matter
nervous tissue composed of myelinated cells
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node of Ranvier
tiny unmyelinated patches
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gray matter
unmyelinated axons combined with dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons
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another name for a nerve impulse is an action potential
true
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a resting neuron is negatively charges on the inside compared to the outside of the cell membrane
true
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polarization
difference in charge across membrane
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How does propagation between neurons occur?
- neurotransmitter is released, cross synapse,
- evokes a response to neuron released by enzyme
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how does polarization happen?
Concentration of potasium inside cell is greater than sodium outside - leaks across
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sodium/potassium pump
uses enerty of ATP to move 3 sodium molecules for every 2 potassium molecules returned to cell
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Define depolarization and how does it happen
reduction in change difference across neuronel membrane
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how does repolarization happen
when potassium ions diffuse out of cells and inside of cells become more negative than outside
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synapse
gap between neurons, transmits information
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reuptake
neurotransmitter receptors on pres. cell, permits neuron to reenter cell
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How does Ritalin work?
increase dopamine's ability to stimulate post synaptic cells by blocking actions of dpoamine reuptake receptor
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What is released when electrial impulses arrive at the terminal bouton?
neurotransmitters
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What causes the uptake of sodium ions by the postsynaptic neuron?
The binding of a neurotransmitter to the postsynoptic cell membrane.
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categories of druges and their mechanism of action
- alcohol
- emphetamines
- caffeine
- coccaine
- ecstasy
- lsd
- marijuana
- nicotine
- opiates
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