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What is memory?
- More than 1 process involved
- Retaining, retrieving, and using info
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Memory Basics
- Reaction against the time
- STM (primary)
- LTM (secondary)
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Modal Model of Memory
- Multi-store approach
- Multiple structural features
- Distinctions between STM and LTM
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STM and LTM Distinctions
- 1. Activity
- 2. Access
- 3. Capacity
- 4. Forgetting
- 5. Maintenance
- 6. Code
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Activity
- STM = effortful
- -rehearsal
- LTM = hibernation
- Will lose STM if you are not constantly working on it because more stuff is being taken in all the time
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Access
- Availability of info in STM v. LTM
- LTM: slow, effortful retrieval
- STM: immediately available
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Neuro Evidence of Multiple Stores
- Patient H.M.
- Good memory for events before surgery
- STM in tact
- Could learn new skills (procedural memory)
- Anterograde Amnesia (declarative memory)
- Cannot transfer STM to LTM (In hippocampus)
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Capacity
- LTM: limitless
- STM: leaky bucket - only limited number of things at a given time
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Capacity (Memory Span)
- Amount remembered at once w/out any aid
- Millers (+) or (-) 2
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Capacity (Chunking)
- Chunk = bundle of info
- Good at chunking = good at understanding
- Individual differences in memory = chunking abilities
- Chess player and runner example
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Forgetting
- STM: rapid forgetting w/out rehearsal
- -Distractor tests to prevent rehearsal
- General finding for STM: recall declines rapidly overtime
- Very rapid forgetting w/more recall interval
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Interference Theory
- Other material interfering with info in STM
- Recall declines with increase in number of intervening items
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Decay Theory
- Time
- Even without interfering
- Recall declines with increase in time
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Waugh & Norman
- If items decay, intervening info should not matter, only time should
- Probe digit task
- Rusty nail metaphor
- - 2 nails, one in mason jar
- - only 1 nail is rusted b/c it is protected from any interfering objects
- - exposure time did not play a role
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Interference
- Retroactive: forgetting due to info presented after learning
- -> at party, meet people, see the first person you met at the end of the night and cant remember name
- Proactive: forgetting due to info presented before learning
- -> mail card to new house but only can remember old address
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Maintenance
- Info maintained in STM based on sound
- Rehearsal = silent speech
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Verbal Rehearsal
- 1. Pronunciation speed
- 2. Retrieval speed
- Memory span related to how quickly you can rehearse things
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Acoustic Confusions
- Acoustic codes in reading : we subvocalize text
- reading speed limited to speech speed
- no subvocalizing = no detail recall
- Important for STM maintenance
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Codes
- Acoustic codes : verbal rehearsal keeps info in STM
- Alternative code for STM
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Coding in STM
- Hierarchal organization:
- Categories
- Meaning
- Chunking:
- Not based on sound
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Working Memory
- Role: perform mental activities such as reasoning, decision making, problem solving
- Active subset of LTM
- Working memory = STM
- Phonological and visiospatial loop
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Evidence of Phonological Loop
- Sound interferes with phonological loop
- Not any sound interferes, it has to be specific to speech
- All types of speech interfere
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Phonological Loop
- Recode visual info into acoustic info
- Keeps items active in WM
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Perfect sentence recall in spatial material
- Poor sentence recall in nonsense material
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Central Executive
- Select strategies to keep info in WM
- Attention controller: poor CE activity = slip of action
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Episodic Buffer
- Increases capacity
- Integrates LTM with VS Sketchpad and phonological loop
- Creates multimodal code
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3 Processess of LTM
- 1. Encoding/Acquisition
- 2. Retention
- 3. Retrieval
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Encoding
- Storing info in LTM:
- requires transfer from STM
- Advantages of LTM:
- slow rate of forgetting
- unlimited capacity
- Possible Encoding strategies (control processes):
- rehearsal
- coding
- imaging
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Encoding/Acquisition Strategies
- Rehearsal : verbal repetition
- - maintained in STM
- - transferred into LTM
- Coding : semantic elaboration
- - include relevant context (playing piano)
- Imaging : constructing mental images
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Verbal Rehearsal
- Learning by repetition
- - abstract info is good, lots of info is bad
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Serial Position Effect
- Primacy effect - good recall for first words
- lots of rehearsal
- retrieval from LTM
- Recency effect - good recall for last words
- still active
- retrieval from STM
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LTM Processes (Retention)
- Time between encoding and retrieval
- Retention interval --> retrieval fluency
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Retention
- Distinction between 2 types of judgements of learning
- 1. Experience based
- 2. Theory based: understanding how variables influence retention
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LTM Processes (Retrieval)
- Recovering info from LTM
- Preliminary memory search for relevant info
- Requires effective retrieval strategies
- Tip of the tongue phenomenon
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TOT Phenomenon
- Info temporarily locked
- Sense of knowing info is in LTM
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Studying TOT
- 1. Lab Approach:
- recall words that elicit TOT state
- 2. Diary Approach (naturalistic)
- document TOT at home
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Lab Approach
- Partial Info
- length of words
- sounds w/in word
- Generate plausible words
- Use context
- Successful retrieval = planned searches of memory
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Explicit/Declarative Memory
- Episodic: specific events (REMEMBERING)
- time and place locked in with info
- mental time travel
- Semantic: general knowledge (KNOWING)
- not associated with context/personal experience
THE 2 CAN ENHANCE EACH OTHER
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