-
Taxonomy?
- *Used to relate organisms
- *Hierarchey of taxa groups
- *Binomial Nomenclature(System of naming Species)
- *Genus
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K-selective Traits?
- Long time until reproductive
- High parental care
- Long lifespans
- Large Body size
- Fewer offspring
- Ex. Elephants, Humans, Whales
-
r-selective traits?
- Short time until reproductive
- Minimal/low parental care
- Shorter lifespans
- Smaller body size
- Many offspring
- Ex. Insects, Rodents, Fish
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6 Mammalian Traits?
- 1. Lactation
- 2. Fur or Hair
- 3. Jaw is one bone
- 4. Middle ear consists of 3 bones
- 5. Diaphram
- 6. One Primary artery leaves heart bending left
- *generally true/ not rule
- *Homeothermic(warm-blooded)
- *Parental Care
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Primate Traits?
- 1.Opposable Halux (Big Toe)
- 2.Nails instead of Claws
- 3.Foward facing eyes
- 4.Postorbital bar
- 5.Petrosal auditory bulla
- *General/not rule
- *often K-selective
- *relatively large brain
- *Reduced number of teeth
- *Dietary Plasicity
-
Defintion of Cladistic?
Shared Derived Traits (Evolutionary Classification)
-
Definition of Gradistic?
Primitive Ancestral Traits
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(Dating Fossils)
What are forms of Relative Dating?
- Fortine Dating (Chemical dating compares accumilation flourine in animal bones)
- Stratigraphic Dating (The process of Matching up strata from several sites through analysis of chemical, physical)
- Chemical Dating (Dating Methods that use predictable chemical changes that occur over time)
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(Dating Fossils)
What are forms of Absolute Dating?
- Radiocarbon Dating (The Radiometric dating method in which 14C to 12C is measured to provide an absolute date for material younger than 50k yrs)
- Radio Potassium Dating (The radiometric dating method in which the ratio of 40K to 40AR is measured to provide an absolute date for 200K or older)
- Dendron Chronology ( A Chronomatic dating method that uses a tree-ring count to determine numerical age)
-
Paleonthropology?
- Using fossil evidence with focus on human origins
- Fossils fill in holes in evolution (Ida Fossil)
- Plastic distortion
-
Paleocene
- 65-55 MYBP
- Ancestral form, very primitive
- Not considered true primate
- Plesiadapiforms (primate-like mammals)
-
Eocene
- 54-36 MYBP
- First True Primates
- Great prosimian(strepsirhine) adaptive radiation
- Ancestral forms of modern lemurs/Tarsiers
- Large eyes suggest nocturnal
- Stereoscopic vision (perceive depth, distance)
- *2 families
- *Adapidae(lemurs)
- *Omomyidae(Tarsiers)
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Oligocene
- 35-MYBP
- Anthropoid fossils (most from W. Eygpt)
- Found in both OW and NW
- Greater realiance on vision, less on smell
- All generalized quadrupeds
- Probably diurnal
-
Miocene
- 23-5 MYBP
- Apes Evolve
- Primarily Africa and Asia
- 2 major Genera: Dryopithecines & Ramapithecines
- 6 MYBP Chimps and Hominids Split
-
Adapids
- Lemur like
- -small incisors (canine teeth)
- -no ear tube
- Postoribital bar
- Elongated Snout
-
Omomyids
- Tarsier-like
- Short Snout
- Post oribital closure
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Anthropoid Split
- Early Catarrhines
- Aegyptopithecus
- -Oligocene anthiopoid
- -Fayum, Egypt
- -2 1 2 3 Dental Pattern
- -Frugivore
- -Quadrupede (with leaping and climbng)
- -Sexual Dimorphism (Visual Difference between males and females)
-
Hominoid Split
- procunsul (genus of primates)
- Early and Middle Miocene
- East Africa (Kenya & Uganda)
- Large Range of Body Size
- Sexually Domorphic
- Combination of monkey and ape (Skeletal Features)
-
Oreopithecus
- Middle/late Miocene
- Eurasia
- Possible Leaf eater
- Forrest Dweller
- Moderatley Large; Sexually Dimorphic
- Suspensory Locomotion (hanging from branches)
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Dryopithicus
- Mid to Late Miocene
- Lived in Hungary & Spain
- Long Low Brain Case
- Lower Face tilting Downward
- Thinner Enamel
-
Sivapithecus
- Middle to Late Miocene
- Eurasia
- Thicker Enamel
- Many derived features in common with Orangutans
- Climbing & Suspensory
-
Gigantopithecus
- Middle to Late Miocene
- Eurasia
- Large/Massive Body Size
- Folivor (Bamboo) Bigger than Gorilla
- End of Miocene, Decline of Asian Apes
-
Strepsirhines (prosimians)
- Gradistic based ancestral traits
- Gradistic Prosimians & Anthropoids
- Cladistic Based on Shared-Derived Traits
-
6 Anatomical Traits of Stepsirhines
- 1. Tapetum Lucidum (eyeshine)
- 2.Rhinarium (wet snout)
- 3.Long Snout
- 4.Post-oribital Bar
- 5.Tooth-comb & grooming claw
- 6.Smaller Brain to Body size ratio
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Lemurs
- Endemic to Madagascar
- Variation and Ecological Niches
- -Sympathetic Speciation (Many species survive in same location)
- Nocturnal and Diurnal
- Solitary and Group Living
-
Ring-Tailed Lemur
- Most Terrestrial of Lemurs (lives on land)
- Multi-male/Multi-female groups
- Crespuscular (between dawn and sunrise)
- Female Dominant
- Stink Fighters
-
Sifaka (Lemur)
- Vertical Clingers and Leapers
- Small Family Groups 3-9 Individuals
- Multi-Male/Multi-Female
- Female Dominant
-
INDRI (Lemur)
- Vertical Clingers and Leapers
- Largest Living Lemur
- Monogamous pairs
- Taboos (Tribe supersitions)
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Ruffed Lemurs
- Black & White or Red Ruffled
- Infant Parking
- Arboreal Quadrapedalism (moves among branches with all four limbs)
-
Bamboo Lemurs
- 3 Different Species
- Ranomafana National Park
- Sympathetic Speciation(evolution of a new species that inhabit the same geographic region)
-
Mouse Lemurs
- Smallest Lemur Species
- Solitary
- Nocturnal
-
Aye-Aye (lemur)
- Specialized Dentition
- Elongated Fingers
- Large Ears
- Seed Predator & Insect feeder
- Taboos
-
Lorises
- India & Southeast Asia
- - Slow Loris
- -Slender Loris
-
Pottos & Angwantibos (Lorisdae)
- Infant parking
- Nocturnal and Solitary
- Slow Quadrupedalism
- Toxic Saliva
-
Galagos AKA Bush Babies (Lorisdae)
- Subsaharan Africa & Zanzibar
- Male Dominant
- Infant Parking
-
Tarsiiformes
- Prosimian or haplorhine??
- Tarsiers-Southeast Asia
- Nocturnal-No Tapetum Lucidum (eyeshine)
- No tooth-comb
- Post-orbital bar? Closure?
- Dry nose. Short Snout
- Grooming Claw
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How have Lemurs become such a Diverse Primate Group?
- Adaptive Radiation
- Isolation
- Available Niches
-
Why do islands often exhibit a plethora of new species and different bizarre features?
- Geographic Isolation
- Co-Evolution
- Minimal Competition
-
2 situations that might produce similar complexity in animal diversity?
- Extreme Enviornments
- Extremophiles (extreme condition)
-
Haplorhine (Monkeys)
- No Tapetum Lucidum (eyeshine)
- No Rhinarium (wet nose)
- Short Snout
- Post-Orbital Closure
- No tooth comb
- Larger Brain to Body Size Ratio
-
Old World Haplorhine?
Catarrhini
-
New World Haplorhine?
Platyrrhini
-
Platyrrhini
- Came to new world? (island hopping or rafting?)
- Broad, Lateral facing nostrils
- Three Pre-Molars
- -2133
- -2133
-
Marmosets & Tamarins (Monkeys)(Platyrrhini)
- Have Claw-Like Nails
- Tendency towards twins
- Pygmy marmoset
- many gumnivores
- Polyandry (1:female;2 males)
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Capuchin Monkey (Platyrrhini)
- Semi-Prehensile Tail (hang and grab weight with tail)
- Polygamy
- Largest Brain to body size ration of NHP(non-humn primate)
- Cultural tool use
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Squirrel Monkey (Platyrrhini)
- Seasonally Sexually Dimorphic
- Arboreal Quadruped (walk 4 limbs on branches)
- Bachelor groups
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Owl Monkey (Platyrrhini)
- Sexually Dimorphic
- Only Nocturnal Monkey
- Sub-species shows Cathemerality
- Frugivorous
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Howler Monkeys, Spider Monkeys, Wolly Monkey & Muriqui (Platyrrhini)
- True Prehensile Traits (tail can grasp support body weight)
- Frugivore (seed dispersers)
- Murqui (Karen Strier)
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Catarrhini
- Monkeys, Apes, Humans
- Narrow, Downward facing Nostrils
- 2 premolars
-
Colobus Monkeys, Snub-Nosed Monkeys, Probesis monkeys and Langurs (Catarrhini)
- Stub or No thumb
- Folivore
- Sacculated Stomach (Chambered Stomach, Helps Break down plant material)
- Alloparenting
- Some Polygamy Groups (Multi-female/one Male)
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Macaques, Baboons. Drills & Mandrills (Catarrhini)
- Cheek Pouches
- Mostly Omnivores
- Larges troops, Social Hierarchy
- Polygamy
- Alpha Pair
- Sexual Dimorphism
- Terrestrial Quadrupeds
- Maternal Care
-
Cercopithecidae?
- Old world monkey
- -Africa and Asia
- All have Ishial Callosities (Thickend skin(buttocks)
- -Baboons, Macaques, langur
-
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)
- Flat-Nosed
- prehensile tails
- 3 premolars relatively large
- Male involvement infant care
- Tympanic membrane connected to ear by a bony ring
- thumb in line with other digits
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Old World Monkeys (Catarrhini)
- Downfacing Nose
- 2 premolars
- Tympanic Membrane connected to External ear by bony tube
- Tails have no prehensility feature
- Thumbs are rotated and more opposable
- male involvement rare in infant care
-
Apes?
- Includes all apes and humans
- No Tails
- Y-5 Molar patterns
- Larger Brains
- Robust Hallux (Large Big Toe)
-
Lesser Apes: Gibbons & Siamangs
- Brachiation (under hand swinging from branches)
- Socially Monogamous
- -Extra Pair Copulations (mistress)
- Vocal Duetting
- Southeast Asia
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Orangutan?
- Solitary
- Suspensory Locomotion
- Repression of Sexual Characteristics
- Mother/Infant Pair
- Male Long Calls
- Culture
- Birute Galdikas (Jane Goodall of Orangutans)
-
Gorilla?
- Silver Back Males
- Polygamy
- -Infantcide
- Folivore/Frugivore
- Knuckle Walking
- Culture
- Diane Fossey(Gorillas in the Mist)
-
Chimpanzee?
- Fission-Fusion Groups (Small groups form back up into one big group)
- Culture
- Knuckle Walking
- Hunting
- Warfare
- Jane Goodall
-
Bonobo?
- Fission-Fusion Group
- Culture
- Knuckle Walking
- Make Love Not War
- Female Dominant
-
Why are Primates in Peril?
- Hunting
- Pet Trade
- Deforestiation
- Overlapping resource Use
-
Anthropoid?
Having Characteristics of a human being
-
Strepsirhines (sub-order primate)
- More evolutionarily ancestral features and adaptations than their haplorhine
- wet noses
-
Haplorhine (sub-order primate)
- Dry nosed
- More evolved Caarrhine
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