Chapter 9

an electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle

an electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eyemovements

smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation

irregular electrical activity 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs itermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep

regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep

all stages of sleep except REM sleep

non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages

a 90 minute cycle (in humans) of waxing and waning alterness, controlled by a biological clockin the caudal brain stem; controls cycles of REM sleep and slow-wave sleep

an insomina caused by the side effects of ever-increasing doses of sleep medications

cessation of breathing while sleeping

a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations

a symptoms of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed

a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking

a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occuring just before a pseron falls asleep

a symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis

a peptide, also known as orexin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy

a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams

a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without membor for the episode the next day

a fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia

the increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppresed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation

a dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in around and vigilance

a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons

a nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal

a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alterness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep

bursts of phasic electrical activity originating in the pons, followed by activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex; a characteristic of REM sleep

the region around the brachium conjunctivum, located in the dorsolateral pons; contains acetylhoinergic neurons involved in the initation of REM sleep

a drug that stimulates acetylcholine receptors

a region that contains neurons involved in the initiation of REM sleep; activated by acetylcholinergic neurons of the peribrachial area

a nucleus in the medulla; involve din the muscular paralysis that accompanies REM sleep

a daily rhythmical change in beavhioral or physiological process

a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms

a nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm, it contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms

a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei

a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

a 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene involve din teh rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms