terminology quiz ch 10 and 13

place of uion between two or more bones; aka joint

spongy or porous structure, as found at the ends of long bones

• ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles
• help secure and stabilize the knee

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

moves a bone around its axis

turns the palm down

turns the palm up

moves the sole of the foot inward

moves the sole of the foot outward

elevates the foot

lowers the foot (points the toes)

• very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur
• nonarticulating surface

tubercle and tuberosity

small, rounded process

large, rounded process

condyle and head

rounded, articulating knob

prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone

foramen, fissure, meatus, sinus

• rounded opening through nerves and a bone to accomodate blood vessels
• foramen of the skull through which cranial nerves pass

• narrow, slitlike opening
• fissure of sphenoid bone

• opening or passage into a bone
• external auditory meatus of the temporal bone

• cavity or hollow space in a bone
• cavity of the frontal sinus containing a duct that carries secretions to the upper part of the nasal cavity

• muscle action pumps lymph through lymph vessels
• bone marrow provides a place for cells of the immune system to develop

bone helps regulate blood calcium levels, important for heart function

• muscles plan an important role in swallowing and propelling food through the digestive tract
• muscles of the stomach mechanically break down food to prepare it for chemical digestion

exercising skeletal muscles stimulates release of hormones to increase blood flow

• skeletal muscles are important in sexual activity and during delivery of the fetus
• bones provide a source of calcium during pregnancy and lactation if dietary intake is lacking or insufficient
• pelvis helps support the enlarged uterus during pregnancy

• skeletal muscles are important in sexual activity
• bones work in conjunction with the kidneys to help regulate blood calcium levels
• skeletal muscles help control urine elimination

involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) help regulate body temp

bones protect the brain and spinal cord

muscles and ribs work together in breathing process

stiffness; bent, crooked

joint

humpback

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

curve, swayback

bone marrow; spinal cord

straight

foot; child

crooked, bent

• abnormal condition of stiffness
• results in immobility and stiffness of a joint. result of trauma, surgery, or disease (rhematoid arthritis)

abnormal condition of a humpback posture

• excision of the lamina
• usually performed to relieve compression of the spinal cord or to remove a lesion or herniated disk

abnormal condition of a swayback posture

bone marrow cell

specialist in treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

tumor composed of bone

• instrument for recording the foot
• records an imprint of the foot on paper and gait

care of feet

abnormal bending of the spine

pain in the chest

acromion (projection of scapula)

arm

calcaneum (heel bone)

carpus (wrist bone)

head

neck; cervix of uteri

clavicle (collar bone)

ribs

cranium (skull)

fingers; toes

femur (thigh bone)

fibula (smaller bone of lower leg)

humerus (upper arm bone)

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)

ischium (lower portion of hip bone)

pain in the arm

pain in the heel

wrist drop

toward the head

pain in the neck; aka cervical neuralgia

excision of a rib

incision of the cranium

inflammation of fingers or toes

pertaining to the fibula and calcaneus

calcaneum (heel bone)

relating to the humerus and scapula

pertaining to the iliac area of the pelvis

pain in the ischium

loins (lower back)

hand bones

foot bones

kneecap

pelvis bone

radius (lower arm bone); radiation

vertebrae (backbone)

sternum (breast bone)

• pain in lumbar region of back
• aka lumbago

excision of the metacarpal bones

pain in the metatarsus

removal of the patella

• actof measuring the pelvis
• for obstetricial management

excision of the phalanges

pertaining to the pubis and the coccyx

inflammation of the vertebrae

toward the sternum

tibia (larger bone of lower leg)

smooth muscle (visceral)

• rod shaped
• striated

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

cartilage

bnad, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

fiber, fibrous tissue

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

weakness, debility

pertaining to the tibia and femur

tumor of the smooth muscle

tumor of muscle

resembling a rod

tumor composed of striated muscular tissue

surgical repair of fascia

tumor of fibrous tissue

removal of a synovial membrane

surgical binding or fixation of a tendon

binding, fixation fo a bone or joint

embryonic cell

to break; surgical fracture

to break

growth

porous

visual examination

embryonic cell that develops into muscle

surgical fracture of a bone

cell that breaks down bone

binding together of a joint

growth upon end of a long bone

porous bone

visual examination of a joint

without nourishment

pertaining to above the ribs

condition of joined fingers or toes

painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the corpal tunnel

lameness, limping

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together indicating a fracture or joint destruction

use of electrical stimulation to record the strength of a muscle contraction

increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms

• tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist
• to treat, the cyst is aspirated and injected with an anti-inflammatory agent

effusion of blood into a joint cavity

loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow

bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord aka bone spur

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vit D deficiency; aka rachitis

fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

any slipping of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

degneration fo the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

partial or incomplete dislocation

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; aka clubfoot

series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

radiogrpahyic procedures that use low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD)

• imaging technique that uses an x-ray beam and a computer to make a series of cross-sectional images of a body part, which together make up a 3D view of the area scanned
• tissue abnormalities

radiological exam of the intevertebral disk structures by injecting a contrast medium

radiography of the 5 lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

scintigrpahy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone

procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

procedure where fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

reduction procedure that treats bone fractures by placing the bones in their proper position using surgery

use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture and facilitate the healing process

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

excision of bursa

• excision of posterior arc of a vertebra
• usually performed to relieve symptoms of slipped disk

surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace worn out prothesis

excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

excision of a synovial membrane

• treat rehematoid arthritis by inhibitiing activity within the immune system
• contain actual gold in capsules. prevents further disease progression but cannot reverse past damage
• aurofin, aurothioglucose

• decrease pain and suppress inflammation
• ibuprofen, naproxen

• relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
• aspirin, magnesium salicylate

• relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
• due to ms, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and stroke
• cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol and aspirin

mineral salts (Na, K, Ca) that carry an electrical charge in solution

• hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose
• opposes the action of insulin and is used to reverse hypoglycemic reacions in insulin shock

standing still

• agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
• epinephrine and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones because they produce effects that mimic those brought about by the sympathetic nervous system

hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that acts to remove sugar glucose from the blood by promoting its storage in tissues as carbohydrates (glycogen)

• target: adrenal cortex- promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, exp. cortisol
• hyposecretion is rare
• hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome

• target: ovaries-stimulates egg production, increases secretion of estrogen in women
• target: testes-stimulates sperm production
• hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
• hypersecretion has no significant effects

• target: bone, cartiglate, liver, muscle and other tissues- stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats for energy
• hyposecretion in children caues pituitary dwarfism
• hypersecretion in children causes gigantism; acromegaly in adults

• target: ovaries- promotes ovulation; stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
• testes- in males, promotes secretion of testosterone
• hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
• hypersecrection has no known significant effects

• target: breast- in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation
• hyposecretion- poor lactation in nursing mothers
• hypersecretion in nursing mothers causes glactorrhea

• thyroid gland- stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
• hyposecretion in infants caues cretinism; in adults myxedema
• hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos

• target: kidney- increases water reabsorption (water returns to blood)
• hyposecretion causes diabetis insipidus
• hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

• target: uterus- stimulates uterine contractiopns; initiates labor
• target: breast- promotes milk secretion from mammary glands

• regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
• secreted when clcium levels in the blood are high in order to maintain homeostasis
• most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing

• increases energy production from all food types
• increases rate of protein synthesis
• hyposecretion in infants caues cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema
• hypersecretion caues Graves disease, indicated by exopthalmos

• target: bones- increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
• kidneys- increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion
• small intestine- increases absorption of calcium and phosphate
• hyposecretion causes tetany
• hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica

• body cells- promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats; helps depress inflammatory and immune responses
• hyposecretion causes Addison disease
• hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome

• in females responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause (otherwise effects are insignificant)
• hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism (development of feminine characteristics)

• sympathetic nervous system target organs- homrone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation (sympathomimetic), increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
• hypersecretion causes prolonged "fight or flight" reaction and hypertension

• hormone
• liver and blood- raises blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis) and other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood (glycogen to glucose)
• persistently low blood glucose levels may caused by deficiency in glucagon

• hormone
• tissue cells- lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production (glucose to glycogen)
• hyposecretion causes diabetis melitus
• hypersecretion causes hyperinsulinism

• hormones from the thymus stimulate lymphocyte production
• glucocorticoids depress the immune response and inflammation

• hormones influence heart rate, contraction strength, blood volume and blood pressure
• estrogen helps maintain vascular health in women

• hormones help control digestive system activity
• horomones influence motility and glandular activity of the digestive tract, gallbladder secretion, and secretion of enzymes from the pancreas
• insulin and glucagon adjust glucose metabolism in the liver

• hormones play a major role in the development and funtion of the reproductive organs
• hormones influence the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, parturtion, and lactation
• sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics
• hormone oxytocin triggers contraction of the pregnant uterus and then later stimulates the relase of breast milk

• hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs
• hormones play a role in sexual development, sex drive, and gamete production

• hormones regulate activity of the sebacious glands, distribution of subcutaneous tissue and growth of hair
• hormones stimulate melanocytes to produce skin pigment
• estrogen increases skin hydration

• hormone secretions influence blood flow to muscles during exercise
• hormones influence muscle metabolism, mass, and strength
• hormones from the pituitary and thyroid glands and the gonads stimulate bone growth
• hormones govern blood calcium balance

several hormones play an imporant role in normal maturation and function of nervous system

• hormones stimulate red blood cell production when the body experiences a decreasein oxygen
• epinephrine influences ventilation by dilating the bronchioles; epinephrine and thyroxine stimulate cell respiration

excision of one or both adrenal glands

secrete

abnormal amount of glucose in the urine

potassium in the blood

incision of the pancreas

excision of the parathyroid glands

tumor of the thymus gland

specialist in the study of poisons

excessive thirst

any steroid hormone that increases masculinization

male

pertaining to toxic activity of the thyroid gland

glucose in the urine

resembling a normal thyroid gland

good, normal

thirst

secrete

• c- constant urination
• a-abnormal thirst (polydipsia)
• u-unusual hunger (polyphagia)
• t-the rapid loss of weight
• i-irritablity
• o-obvious weakness and fatigue
• n- nausea and vomiting

• d-drowsiness
• i-itching
• a-a family history of diabetes
• b-blurred vision
• e-excessive weight
• t-tingling, numbness, and pain in the extremeties
• e-easily fatigued
• s-skin infections and slow healing of cuts and scratches, exp. of feet

hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells

presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually assoiated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos

excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

potassium

• abnormal increase in volume of circulating fluid in the body
• results from retention of large amounts of sodium and water by kidneys
• weight gain, edema, dyspnea, tachycardia, pulmonary congestion

tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal actiity

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the blood stream of increased amount of thyroid hormone

masculine or having characteristics of a man

masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves disease

measures body's ability to metabolize carbs by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels inthe blood and urine at regular intervals

determines insulin levels in serum by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levels in blood at regular intervals

• test that measures teh concentration of thyroxine in a blood sample
• gives an index of thyroid activity

detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

• measures clcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders
• hypercalcemia can indicate primary hyperparathyroidism; hypocalcemia can indicate hypoparathyroidism

• administraction of radioactive iodine as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the blood
• results can determine thyroid function

• injection of radioactive substance, scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
• identify pathological formations such as nodules and tumors

microdissection of a tumor using a binocular surgical microscope for magnification

excision of the thymus gland

removal of the pineal body

• excision of thyroid gland
• for goiters
• partial- removing fibrous nodular thyroid
• subtotal- removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism

• vasopressin
• Pitressin, Pressyn

• treat hyperthyroidism by impeding formation of T3 and T4
• in prep for thyroidectomy and thyrotoxic crisis
• methimazole (Tapazole) and strong iodine solution (Lugol's solution)

• replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (addison's disease)
• widely used to supress inflammation, conrol allergic reactions, reduce rejection in trasnplantation, and treat some cancer
• cortisone (Cotrisone acetate), hydrocortisone

• increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
• increase spinal bone density and help manage groth failure in children
• somatropin (recombinant)

• lower blood glucose by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen
• regular insulin or NPH insulin

• treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
• are not insulin and not used intreating type 1 diabetis mellitus
• glipizide, glyburide

• replace or supplement thyroid hormones
• levothyroxine, liothyronine