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What was the early earth populated by?
anaerobes
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What are anaerobes?
organisms that captured and utilized energy by means of oxygen-independant metabolism.
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What are examples of oxygen-independant metabolism.
glycolysis and fermentation
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What evolved from anaerobes and why?
Aerobes, to use energy more efficiently and can extract more energy from organic molecules
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In eukaryotes aerobic respiration takes place in the...
mitochondria
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what are the two mitochondria membranes and what do they do?
–Outer membrane serves as the outer boundary
–Inner membrane is subdivided into two domains:
- •Inner boundary membrane
- •Cristae
- –Where the machinery for ATP is located
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What is cristae?
- •Cristae
- –Where the machinery for ATP is located
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what two spaces do the inner and outter mitochondria membranes enclose?
matrix and intermembrane space
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Mitochondria Outer membrane contains a large pore-forming protein called...
Porin
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Mitochondrial Outer membrane is about ___% protein; inner membrane is more than ___% protein.
B. 50%;75%
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Mitochondrial Inner membrane contains cardiolipin but not cholesterol
D. Cardiolipin, Cholesterol
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T or F
Mitochondrial Inner membrane is impermeable to even small molecules; outer membrane is permeable to even some proteins
T
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Mitochondrial matrix contains? (3)
a circular DNA molecule, ribosomes, and enzymes
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What can be synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix? (2)
RNA and proteins can be synthesized in the matrix
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What does glycolysis produce? (3)
Pyruvate, NADH, and 2-ATP
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After glycolysis, ______ can use O2 to extract more than 30 additional ATPs from pyruvate and NADH
aerobic organisms
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_____ is transported into the mitochondrion and decarboxylated to form acetyl CoA, which enters the next stage
Pyruvate
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Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is where substrate is _______ and its energy _____.
oxidized; conserved
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(TCA)
–Two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA is ________ with the four-carbon oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon citrate
condensed
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(TCA)
–During the cycle, two carbons are ______ to CO2, regenerating the four-carbon oxaloacetate needed to continue the cycle
oxidized
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(TCA)
______ reactions in the cycle transfer a pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH, or to FAD+ to form FADH2
C. 4
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Reduced coenzymes _____ and _____are the primary products of TCA
FADH2 , NADH
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_____ formed during ______ enters the mitochondria via malate-aspartate or glycerol phosphate
NADH, glycolysis
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As electrons move through the electron-transport chain, ______ are pumped out across the inner membrane
H+
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(ETC)
_____is formed by the controlled movement of H+ back across the membrane through the ATP-synthesizing enzyme.
ATP
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(ETC)
–The coupling of H+ translocation to ATP synthesis is called _________.
chemiosmosis
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Strong oxidizing agents have a ____ affinity for electrons; strong reducing agents have a ____ affinity for electrons
high, weak
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Electrons associated with either NADH or FADH2 are transferred through specific electron carriers that make up the ________.
Electron Transport chain
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(Electron carrier)
Polypeptides bound to either FAD or FMN are called...
Flavoproteins
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(Electron carrier)
An electron carrier that contains heme groups bearing Fe or Cu metal ions are called...
Cytochromes
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(Electron carrier)
lipid-soluble molecule made of five-carbon isoprenoid units
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
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An Electron carrier that contains Fe in association with inorganic sulfur
Iron-sulfur proteins
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How many electron transport complexes are there?
B. 4
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Sequence the Electron Transport Chain:
I II III IV
and what each step will catalyze
I, III, II, IV
- I: catalyzes NADH to ubiquinone
- III: ubiquinone to cytochrome
- II: succinate to FAD to ubiquinone
- IV: electrons to O2 and transports H+ across the membrane
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