EMTP 2090

Slow, shallow, irregular respirations resulting from anoxic brain injury.

Irregular respirations varying in rate and depth and interrupted by periods of apnea; associated with increased intracranial pressure, brain damage at the level of the medulla, and respiratory compromise from drug poisoning.

Total lack of oxygen availabitlity to the tissuses.

Similar to Kussmaul respirations; characterized as deep, rapid breathing; associated with increased intracranial pressure.

A pattern of gradually increasing rate and depth of breathing that tapers to slower and shallower breathing with a period of apnea before the cycle repeats itself; often described as a crescendo-decrescendo pattern or periodic breathing.

An abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of alveoli, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in a part of the lungs.

When fluid accumulates in the smaller airway passages, air passing through the fluid creates a moist crackling or popping sound heard on inspiration.

Fraction of inspired oxygen.

A reflex that limits inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs in a conscious, spontaneously breathing person; also called the inhibito-inspiratory reflex.

Intermittant spasm of the diaphragm resulting in sudden inspiration with spastic closure of the glottis.

An excess of CO₂ in the blood.

An inadequate amount of CO₂ in the blood.

An abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood.

Inadequate oxygenation of the cells.

The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood cells traveling through the pulmonary capillaries.

The exchange of gases between blood cells and tissues.

An abnormal respiratory pattern characterized by deep, gasping respirations that may be slow or rapid.

Attributable to inflammation and mucus or fluid in the larger airway passages, rattles or rhonchi are descriptive of airway congestion heard on inspiration. Rhonchi are commonly associated with bronchitis or pneumonia.

The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.

The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Specialized cells within each alveolus that keeps it from collapsing when little or no air is inside.

The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle. Approximately 500 mL in adult males.

A musical, whistling sound heard on inspiration and/or expiration resulting from constriction or obstruction of the pharynx, trachea, or bronchi. Wheezing is commonly associated with asthma.

The amount of air that does reach the alveoli for gas exchange. The difference between tidal volume and dead-space volume (approximately 350 mL in adult males.)

Air that is inspired and has the potential to participate in gas exchange, but is inside the trachea and bronchi where respiration doesn't occur instead of alveoli. Approximately 150 mL in adult males.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration.

Amount of gas moved in and out of the respiratory tract per minute. Ventilatory rate and depth or each inhalation.

After maximal forced exhalation, the amount of air remaining in the lungs and airway passages not able to be expelled.

• Without O₂ delivers 21% O₂ to patient.
• With O₂ and without reservoir delivers 40%-60% O₂ to patient.
• With O₂ and reservoir delivers 90%-100% O₂ to patient.

• Without O₂ delivers 16%-17% exhaled air.
• With supplemental O₂ at 10 L/min delivers approximately 50% O₂.

• Older than 2 years:
• (Age in years/2) + 12

• Ages 1-10:
• Uncuffed - (Age in years/4) + 4
• Cuffed - (Age in years/4) + 3

• Adjunctive medication to decrease airway secretions and minimize bradycardia that results from vagal stimulation.
• Onset: 2-3 minutes
• Duration: >30 minutes

• Adjunctive medication to decrease airway secretions and minimize bradycardia that results from vagal stimulation.
• Onset: 60 seconds
• Duration: >30 minutes

• Adjunctive medication given in situations involving a head injury or increased intracranial pressure. Diminishes cough and gag reflexs and may diminish the increase in intracranial pressure associated with intubation.
• Onset: 2-5 minutes
• Duration: >30 minutes

• Sedative
• Onset: 30-45 seconds
• Duration: 10-20 minutes

• Sedative
• Onset: Almost immediate
• Duration: 30-90 minutes

• Sedative
• Onset: 30-90 seconds
• Duration: 5-20 minutes

• Sedative
• Onset: 2-3 minutes
• Duration: 20-30 minutes

• Sedative
• Onset: 10-30 seconds
• Duration: 3-5 minutes

• Sedative
• Onset: 10-40 seconds
• Duration: 10-20 minutes

• Non-depolarizing NMBA
• Onset: 1-2 minutes
• Duration: 45-90 minutes

• Non-depolarizing NMBA
• Onset: 30-60 seconds
• Duration: 30-60 minutes

• Non-depolarizing NMBA
• Onset: 1-2 minutes
• Duration: 30-90 minutes

• Depolarizing NMBA
• Onset: 30-60 seconds
• Duration: 3-12 minutes

• Neuromuscular binding agent-
• Non-competitive
• Non-reversible
• Mimics Acetylcholine
• Sustained depolarization
• Prevents repolarization
• Short acting
• Ex. Succinylcholine

• Neuromuscular binding agent-
• Blocks cholinergic transmission at the synapse
• Binds to Acetylcholine receptors on muscle
• Competative and reversible with:
• -----Neostigmine
• -----Pyridostigmine
• -----Edrophonium
• Slower onset than depolarizing agent
• No fasiculations
• Long lasting
• Ex. Rocuronium & Vecuronium