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embryo
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pulse dampening
in elastic arteries (great vessels); assists in maintenance of organ perfusion in diastole
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micropinocytotic vesicles
transport vesicles across tunica intima of elastic and muscular arteries
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vasa vasora
blood supply in tunica media of elastic and muscular arteries
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fibroblasts and macrophages
in tunica adventitia of elastic arteries
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internal elastic membrane
one of two elastic sheaths in muscular artery, in tunica intima
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factor 8 (non Willebrand)
blood coagulation prot made by tunica intima of arterioles
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weibel-palade granules
cytoplasmic; where Factor 8 stored in arterioles
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external elastic membrane
one of two sheaths elastic sheaths in muscular artery; in tunica adventitia
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Epinepherine
vasoconstriction
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norepinepherine
vasoconstriction
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angiotensin 2
vasoconstriction
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endothelian
vasoconstriction
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prostacyclin
vasodilation
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endothelial tight junctions
in capillary beds
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pericytes
repair collagenous support, new blood vessel wall cells in continuous capillary
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location of continuous capillary
limbs, m., lungs, CNS, tissues
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location of fenestrated capillary
GI, gall bladder, kidney
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thin diaphragm
over each fenestration in fenestrated capillaries
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location of sinusoidal capillaries
liver, bone marrow, pituitary, spleen
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lg gaps, incomplete BM
in sinusoidal capillaries
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NO-
hormone made by capillary endothelial cells; relaxer of tunica media
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histamine and serotonin
act in postcapillary venule
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margination and diapedesis
in postcapillary venule
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circular smooth muscle
in tunica media of medium vein
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longitudinal smooth muscle
in tunica adventitia of medium vein
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line of demarcation
btw tunica media and tunica intima of large veins
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infracardiac veins
in tunica intima of large veins; forms semilunar valves
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endocardium
continuous w/ tunica intima
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myocardium
continuous w/ tunica media
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subendocardium
in ventricle myocardium; contains purkinje fibers (modified cardiocytes)
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epicardium
continuous w/ tunica adventitia
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fibrous pericardium
dense CT outside parietal pericardium
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visceral pericardium
cont w/ parietal pericardium of pericardial sac
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serous surface
epicardium; decreases friction in heart contractions
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cardiogenic mesoderm
forms two endocardial heart tubes
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somatic, splanchic, extraembryonic mesoderm
give rise to blood islands and RBCs
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mesenchyme
surrounds endothelial tubes; CT and smooth muscle
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stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis
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superfiscial fascia
LCT of hypodermis
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"skin"
epidermis + dermis
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skin color
act melanocytes, vascularity, carotene, CT
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pigmented nevi
hyperpigmentation
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freckles
hyperpigmentation
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cafe au lait spots
hyperpigmentation
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melasma (cloasma)
hyperpigmentation
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lentigo
hyperpigmentation in infants
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vitiligo
hypopigmentation
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albinism
hypopigmentation
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piebaldism
hypopigmentation
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inflammatory diseases
change skin pigmentation over time
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atopic dermatitis
changes skin pigmentation over time
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systemic diseases
changes skin pigmentation over time
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hard keratin
nails and hair cortex
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rete pegs
aka epidermal ridges; downgrowths of epidermis
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dermal papillae
upgrowths of dermis
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keratinohyalin granules
stratum granulosum; show up in LM; composed of cysteine and dense matrix bodies w/ intF
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lamellar bodies
aka odland bodies aka keratinosomes; only seen w/ EM; made of glycophospholipid; responsible for non-wet characteristic
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cuboidal/polygonal cells
aka prickle cells; stratum spinosum
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tonofibrils
aggregates of tonofilaments (cytokeratin), in all keratinocytes; connect desmosomes/adherens with inner cell stuff
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single cuboidal layer
stratum basale; most mitotic activity
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hemidesmosomes
only at stratum basale to basement membrane
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basement membrane
basal lamina + fibro-elastic CT
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clear cells
langerhans, merkel cells, melanocytes; no desmosomes; shrinking cytoplasm w/ fixation
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langerhan's
APC of epidermis, from monocytes; allergy
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birbeck granules
only seen w/ EM; are rod-like cytoplasmic granules in Langerhans cells
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sensory cells in basal epidermis
merkel; NC derivative
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catecholamines
merkel cells look similar to these
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melanin granules
made by melanocytes
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tyrosine
precursor to melanin
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cytokine secretion
melanocytes transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes (UVB damage)
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subepithelial layer
papillary layer of dermis
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lines of stress in dermis
langer's lines; parallel lines of CT in dermis; think surgery cuts
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stratified cuboidal
excretory portion/duct of gland
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simple cuboidal
secretory portion of duct; in hypodermis
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myoepithelial cells
in hypodermis; secretory portion of duct; contraticle (smooth mm); eosinophilic cyt
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germinal matrix
deep to nail cuticle
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perionchium
soft skin on sides of cuticle
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hypochychium
soft skin below free end of nail
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lunula
half moon on nail, thickest
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pilosebaceous
hair follicle and sebaceous gland as unit
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papilla (hair)
in bulb; blood supply
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catagen
no more matrix prolif
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dihydrotestosterone
gonal steroid to increase hair growth
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adrenal/thyroid hormones
gonadal steroid to influence hair growth
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hirsuitism
androgens in females...male hair :(
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polycystic ovarian disease
causes hirsuitism
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cushing's syndrome
causes hirsuitism
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estrogens (hair)
decrease growth
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milk lines
bilateral epidermal ridges...nipple lines!
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montgomery's tubules
nodule sebaceous glands w/in areola
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gynecomastia
transient hyperplasia of lact ducts in males
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klinefelter's
gynecomastia
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hepatic cirrhosis
gynecomastia
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high est, prog
stim ductal and alveolar cells in later half o menstrual cycle
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esto/proL (pregnancy)
dev ducts
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prog (preggers)
dev of secretory alveoli
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glucocorticoids, insulin, GH, TH
dev/act of mammary glands
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colostrum
premilk; last mos preg to 1-3 days postpartum
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mammogenesis
proL low and est high
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galactopoeiss
milk prod; est low and proL high
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dopamine receptor antagonists
block lactation (also done by est)
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oxytocin
stim by reflex arc to cause myoepithelial cell contraction
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hypothalamus
reases oxytocin to neurohypophysis
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neurohypophysis
releases oxytocin to mammary glands
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cervix
stim hypothalamus during ferguson reflex and birth
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vagina
stim hypothalamus during sex and birth
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respiratory distress syndrome
incomplete type 2 cells...less surfactant
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stratified sq ep (resp)
vestibule of nose only
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vibrissae
filters lg matter in nose
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conchae
increases SA for turbulence
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brush cells
columnar w/ microvilla; detects sensory info
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granule cells
neuroendocrine, make NE
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bipolar neurons
non motile cilia; in olfactory epithelium; forms CN1
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supporting cells
aka sustentacular; microvillia
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lipofuscin granules
supporting cells; brown color
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bowman's glands
in lamina propria of olfactory
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nonkeratinized strat sq epi (resp)
lingual epiglottis, vocal cords
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mucosa (resp)
lamina propria and epithelium
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trachealis
bridges C rings, smooth mm
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fibroelastic CT
btw C rings in trachea
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clara cells
secrete surfactant in bronchioles
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drumstick
alveolar ducts in bronchiolar walls; simple cuboidal
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type 1/2 pneuomocytes
alveoli
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lamellar bodies (resp)
apical cytoplasm of alveoli; has surfactant
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zona occludens
btw type 1 in alveoli; resists leakage
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pores of Kohn
pores in alveoli to allow flow btw alveoli to equalize pressure (but also allows for spread paths)
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dust/heart failure cells
alveolar macrophages (since no more cilia, mucous)
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