Euro Ch 13 and 16

- Discovery / Settlement – 1500s-1600s- Mercantilist Empires – 1700s – policies designed to increase trade / decrease power of rivals. Navies develop / limited colonial wars- Formal Empires – 1800s – mid 1900s Direct administration – British Dominance- DEcolonization – 1950s+

THE dominant Economic theory of the first semester.Belief that governments heavily regulate trade and commerce in hope of increasing national wealth. The Goal was to have the most gold in the government coffers. ---- Countries obtained wealth by selling more goods abroad than they purchased. - ---- Rules should be established which promoted your country’s businesses (granting subsidies / monopolies) and reduced other countries businesses (taxes on imports). - Colonies were created in this system because they provided 1) cheap resources and 2) captive markets to buy your stuff. Mercantilism is based on the flawed notion that wealth is 1) finite and 2) based on gold/silver.

The relationship between the major countries during the 1700s No one country could gain dominance over the others; although, all of them wanted and tried to. Whenever any one country would begin to dominate, and alliance would form against them. Kinda like Whac-a-Mole.

By the 1700s France and Britain were the dominant colonial powers.They conflicted in the Northern Hemisphere (the mid west), the Caribian (West Indies) and new ports in IndiaBritain won in all areas as a result of the 7 Years War (1763) and became the dominant colonial empire for the next 200 years

THE dominant conflict in Central Europe was between the rising Prussians and the decaying Hapsburgs over who would be the dominant 1) German power & 2) central European power.Prussia will gradually win this fight.

War between Spain and England over trade in the West Indies. Significance: got many of the later wars going.

Small strip of land owned by Hapsburg Austria. Prussia always coveted it because it separates Brandenburg from Prussia. IF Prussia could gain it, Prussia would finally connect her lands. Frederick succeeds in the War of Austrian Succession.

War between Austria and Prussia over Silesia. Frederick the Great wanted it, Maria Theresa of Austria was determined to keep it. She failed. France Supported Prussia and England supported Austria. The War ended in stalemate, but Prussia retained it’s prize from the war: Silesia

Ends the War of Austrian Succession. Prussia keeps the territory gained from Austria: Silesia. Maria Theresa gets to stay in power

After centuries of French-Austrian conflict, Maria Theresa turns to France as an ally (to serve as a counter-weight to Prussia). It was an amazing turn of events. It would be the modern equivalent of Iran and Israel becoming allies in the Middle East.

What begins as a Prussian- Austrian conflict in central Europe erupts into a full scale colonial war between England (Prussia’s ally) and France (Austria’s ally) over much of the Globe. England will emerge as the dominant colonial power, France will be bankrupted and lose its colonies. Prussia reduces the Holy Roman Empire to a shell and becomes the dominant German power. Austria will shift its focus toward eastern Europe and the Balkans .

Treaty ending the 7 Years War: - Britain gets Canada / everything east of the Mississippi river.- Britain also gains dominance over India.

The dominant minority in the Austrian Empire. These Hungarians will use their power to extract rights/concessions from the Hapsburg monarchy. So not only are the Austrians dealing with the Prussian outside their country, they’ve got unrest within their country.

Last Stuart Monarch who died childless in the early 1700s.

The Dynasty of England during the 1700 and 1800s. Followed the Stuart Dynasty of the 1600s

First Hanover king of England. He had been the closest living protestant relative of Queen Anne. During his reign, the monarchy lost real power and Britain began the development of their modern system of cabinet government with a Prime Minister.

The Head of the Government in England whose office developed during the 1700s. The Monarch of England chooses the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons to be the Prime Minister.

First Prime Minister of England (early-mid 1700s) under the new Hanoverian, King George

A period of Dutch History (1600s ) in which The Dutch Republic dominated world trade and used that wealth to become the world’s center for arts and sciences. However, they were a seafaring power, NOT a military power. France will emerge in this era as the dominant military power.

The southern part of the Low Countries that stayed loyal to Spain. During this chapter, The Spanish Netherlands are still ruled by Spain, but will be invaded by France, and eventually given to the Austrians by the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). Its capital was Brussels

The Northern Dutch that fought for independence against Spain. Their culture and economy will flourish during the 1600s

- Religious Tolerance – Urban Culture – Overseas Trade – Seaborne Empire in Asia / New World

- During the 1700s- British Naval gains – Disunity of Provinces – French Military harassment

shading and lighting- The Night Watch: Rembrandt’s colossal painting of a company of Dutch fighters - The Syndics of the Drapers Guild: Rembrandt’s work that demonstrates the status of middle- class businessmen during the Dutch Golden Age

The 2 Models of government structure that develop during the 1600s

Family of Monarchs in England after the Tudors. James VI of Scotland becomes the first Stuart Monarch (James I) in 1603 after his cousin Elizabeth I dies. England develops a limited (constitutional) monarchy during their rein.

was James VI of Scotland, didn’t understand Parliament and refused Puritan demands to eliminate Episcopal system of church organization in the Church of England; ruled by divine right. Anger and dissent gradually increased during his rein (1603 – 1625)

War between the Supporters of Charles I and monarchy on one side and the supporters of Cromwell and the parliament on the other. Results with the execution of Charles I in 1649A major step in the limitation of monarchy in England and the strengthening of Parliament.

King of England during the Civil War and eventually executed.He avoids calling Parliament for 11 years, introduces more ritual into Anglican Church which upsets Puritans. His need for cash for the war on Scotland instigated the English Civil War; is beheaded by the Rump Parliament

- Leader of the Parliamentarians against Charles I in the English Civil War- Executed Charles I and created the Commonwealth-Eventually became Dictator (Lord Protector) by disbanding Parliament and ruling alone.

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I Attempted to impose an Episcopal System on the Presbyterian Scots. (which starts the Civil War)

Religious system that is NON-hierarchical. The Scots had a Presbyterian system since John Knox brought Calvinism. This starts a war, which costs money, which forces Charles I to call Parliament, and … well you know what happens next.

Hierarchical setup of a church. The Church of England has an Episcopal setup, with a rigid organization of Bishops. The number of Englishmen who want a less rigid system is growing during the 1600s.

Nickname for The Parliament was called during King Charles I’s reign, led the revolt against him, executed him, and then ruled during the Commonwealth. It’s not an official title. It is just what historians refer to it as.

The Document that the Short Parliament forced Charles I to sign outlining the rights of Englishmen. After signing it, Charles dissolves Parliament and ignores it (for the next 11 years)Just be aware that the Petition of Rights and the Bill of Rights are not the same thing.

Supporters of the King in the English Civil War

Supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War. Puritans

Professional, dedicated, religious, and very effective Army Created by Oliver Cromwell

1) A lesser used title for the English Civil War2) Sometimes used to describe the Puritan hijacking of the Parliamentary cause.The Puritan Rump Parliament’s taking of power from the other Parliamentarians

the smaller parliament of around 75 members, controlled by Cromwell and the Puritans that kills Charles, abolishes the House of Lords, and establishes the Commonwealth. Oh, the Rump Parliament is what the Long Parliament is called in its last years.

Government created after the Civil War in which the Monarchy, the House of Lords, and The Anglican Church are abolished.It is a REPUBLICAN government. (A Republic is any government without a king)It is created by the Rump Parliament and ruled by Cromwell

The Military Dictatorship of Cromwell created when he disbanded the Parliament altogether.

Oliver Cromwell’s title that he took when becoming DICTATOR of England

Early democrats. More radical than radical Cromwell, and crushed by Cromwell. Example of how revolutionaries want to make their changes and then STOP the revolutionary spirit from going any farther. It rarely works.

Early Socialists. Brutally put down by Cromwell. Shows that revolutionaries (Cromwell) usually do not want the revolution to go beyond where they want to take it. (the diggers had gone too far for him)

The Period after the Commonwealth when The Stuarts (Charles II); the House of Lords; and the Anglican Church were restored to power. Can refer to either the event in 1660 or the period of time. 1660-1688

Son of Charles I who was restored to the throne in 1660. Kept his head. Very smart.

King of England; Charles II’s very Catholic brother who is overthrown by the nobles in the Glorious RevolutionHe engages in a series of antagonistic moves against Parliament and Protestants. However, rather than go through the upheaval of regicide again, Englishmen decide to “wait it out” for his death and the ascension of his cool protestant daughter.*but then…his new wife has a son (Catholic); . . .

The “bloodless” revolution and overthrow of James II by nobles determined to assert the Rights of Parliament. Culminates in the joint-reign of William and Mary; the passage of the Bill of Rights! : and the passage of the Toleration Act. England will now be a Constitutional Monarchy.

King and Queen of England; William of Orange married to Mary, one of James’s Protestant daughters. Invited to invade England to stop James’s new son from getting the throne. Wisely accepted the Bill of Rights and embraced the idea of limited (constitutional) monarchy

Document outlining British Rights that were accepted by William and Mary in 1689's Glorious Revolution. Important step in the creation of British Government/

Part of the Glorious Revolution. Law signed by William and Mary that allowed Puritans the right to publicly worship.

Anti-Catholic laws passed by Parliament. Created a religious test for public office stating only members of the established Church of England were eligible for service.

1603-Death of Elizabeth- Tudors end / Stuarts begin
- beginning of the story1649-Execution of Charles - good reference-point since you don't need to know all of the dates in this story.1688 - Glorious Revolution 
2nd uber-major date of the class. (1517 being the other)

Louis XIII’s chief governmental minister. 1) Eliminates political/military rights of Huguenots while keeping religious rights to make them more dependable. 2) Spies to uncover plots/conspiracies 3) creates Intendants to execute orders; his policies eventually strengthen the monarchy

Puppet King of France for Cardinal Richelieu. King during the 30 Years War

Cardinal Richelieu’s philosophy of government summed up in a quick phrase. Reason of State. There is NO limit to a king’s rightful authority IF he can justify it for the good of the State, Total contradiction of the Right-based philosophy of government that you have.

Government officials who work for the crown. The creation of Indendants from the middle class or the Nobles of the Robe allowed kings to siphon off the power of Nobility.

King of France (Bourbon) who serves as the best representation of an absolute monarch; called the Sun King; created Versailles as a home to his nobility; hired Colbert as the minister of finance; mercantilism; enacted the Edict of Fontainebleau; War of Spanish Succession

- form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority

- Philosophy that God chooses who has the right to the throne. Contradicts our notion of equality.- Articulated by Bishop Bossuet & James I

Wife of Louis XIII, Mom of Louis XIV. Runs France (with Mazarin) while Louis is a kid. She’s a Hapsburg. Hmmm Hapsburg-Bourbon union. Their kids will cause trouble in Spain

Early French Rebels against Louis XIV’s when he’s a kid. The terror that he experiences convinces him to get out of Paris (go to Versailles) and to be tough against rebellion.

--Nobles of the Sword are hereditary noble from the middle ages and must be weakened if a king is to exercise real authority. Louis gives them a social life in Versailles so that they do not get in the way of government business. --Nobles of the Robe are the wealthy middle class nobles created by Louis XIV to help run the country. (and siphon power from the Nobles of the Sword)

- Louis XVI, meaning he’s the light of his country. France revolves around him. Symbol of his reign

Louis XVI ‘s famous quote. - Government is not the people, nor is Government it the body of ministers. Government resides in the person of Louis XVI. Used to justify any actions.

Famous theorist for Absolute Monarchy. Argued “Divine Right” of kings

Economic Advisor for Louis XIV. Associated with Mercantilism

Louis XIV. Repeals the Edict of Nantes. Bans Huguenots. Part of a return to “One King, One Faith, One Law”

Catholic Radicals in France. Louis XIV lays the smack down on them. Significance: Shows that Louis is not REALLY concerned about religion. But will smack whomever necessary to consolidate his power.

sad kings of Spain after Philip II. They are associated with the decline of Spain

Spain’s ruler leaves throne to Louis XVI’s grandson, Philip. England, Holland, Austria, and German states fear France and Spain will join (Louis’s grandson will eventually gain France’s throne also) and throw off the balance of power. Ends with treaty saying Philip may take Spanish throne but the French and Spanish thrones must be separated.

Peace treaty that ends the War of Spanish Succession. Creates 2 Bourbon houses (one in France and a new one in Spain)

Louis XIV's grandson. Spanish War of Succession.

Kings of Prussia (Hohenzollern) who create an absolutist state in central Europe.Gave nobles free reign over peasants, no taxes,etc. in return that they do not challenge his control. Follow mercantilist policies. Enacted religious toleration.Hohenzollern dynasty- Powerful German Family of Northern Germany. Will become rivals of the Hapsburgs for supremacy in central Europe.

Prussian nobility

Non-contiguous holdings of the Hohenzollern dynasty.Major north-eastern German state after the 30 Years War. The German State of Brandenburg was the traditional holding of the Hohenzollern family. The Duchy of Prussia was outside of the HRE (in Poland) and was acquired by them in1618.

In 1701, Frederick III proclaims Brandenburg-Prussia to be the Kingdom of Prussia. He will become Frederick I King IN Prussia

Tsar of Russia; wants to westernize his country. Gains control of Orthodox Church, makes Russia into great state/military power; creates the table of ranks

ruler of Russia

- Russian nobles. Peter will try to "westernize" them.

a council of Boyars who assisted the tsar in Russia

Peter I’s creation of a new system of Nobility. A system based on service, not on birth. It was the cornerstone of his plan to weaken the Russian nobility.

Religious leader of the Orthodox Church. Peter will abolish this position and transform the Russian Orthodox Church into an office of Government

Peter’s new capital for Russia. It is 500 miles west of Moscow and on the Baltic Sea.Part of Peter’s goal of westernization of Russia