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When do kids hit the 2-word utterance stage?
18-24 months
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When kids hit the 2-word utterance level at _____ months, they typically have a ____ word vocabulary.
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A child's 2 word combinations increase rapidly in frequency - from ___% to ___% in only a few weeks.
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2 word utterances are the earliest evidence of _____.
syntax
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What are the two-word semantic rules?
- Demonstrative (this/that + entity)
- Recurrent + X
- Negative + X
- X (entity/action) + Locative (location)
- Possessor + Possession
- Attributive (adjective) + Entity
- Agent + Action
- Action + Object
- Agent + Object (most common because it is usually two nouns
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What are the four forms of the two-word semantic rule Negative + X?
- Nonexistence
- Disappearance
- Rejection ("No bed.")
- Denial (Has to do with the identity of something. "Is this a ball?" "No ball.")
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Speech at the two-word utterance level is also called what?
Telegraphic speech
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At the 2 word utterance level, some big parts of speech are still missing, such as ____, _____ and _____.
- content words
- open-class words
- lexical categories
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Out of subject, verb and object, which is most likely to be missing from a child's speech at the two-word utterance level and why?
Subject, because most conversations with children are about the here and now so the subject is obvious and inferred.
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At the 2 word utterance level, some smaller parts of speech are still missing, such as ____, _____, _____ and _____.
- function words
- grammatical morphemes
- closed-class words
- functional categories
- (prepositions, articles, etc)
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When kids starts to put more than two words together, they also start adding _______.
morphemes
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Children _____ add more words to their utterances.
gradually
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Children are considered out of the 2 word stage when their MLU is greater than what?
2.5
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MLU is based on the average length of a child's utterances scored from ______.
spontaneous speech
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MLU is a good measure of _____ up to a point.
syntactic complexity
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MLU is frequently used to describe a child's ______.
developmental stage
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What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of sound that carries meaning.
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What are the two type of morphemes?
Free and bound
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What are the two types of bound morphemes and what are their definitions?
- Derivational - changes meaning (happy vs. UNhappy)
- Inflectional - has to do with tense, plurality, possession (only 8 in English)
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What is morphology?
A system of rules combining the smallest units of language into words.
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What is the formula for calculating MLU?
Total # of morphemes / Total # of utterances
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What are the four specific contractions counted as one morpheme?
let's, don't, won't, ain't
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What are the three verb types?
- Main verbs
- Copluar verbs
- Auxiliary verbs
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What is a copular verb?
It is a linking verb. It will be the only verb in the sentence. (I am fine. She appears tall. He feels great.)
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What is an auxiliary verb?
It is a helping verb. It tells about certainty or gives emphasis. (I am struggling. Did you eat? We will help.)
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What are some auxiliary verbs?
be, have, do, will, may, can, should
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What are the forms of be?
am, is, are was, were, being, been
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Be can be _____ or ______.
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Identify the contractability of BE
I am happy.
uncontracted copula
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Identify the contractability of BE
I am helping.
uncontracted auxiliary
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Identify the contractability of BE
I'm happy.
contracted copula
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Identify the contractability of BE
I'm helping.
contracted auxiliary
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Identify the contractability of BE
Who's Vicki? I am.
uncontractible copula
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Identify the contractability of BE
Who's wearing a hat. He is.
uncontractible auxiliary
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Identify the contractability of BE
He was asking.
uncontractible auxiliary
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Verb Forms
-ing indicates what verb form?
Progressive
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Verb Forms
Have eaten and had eaten are examples of what verb form?
Perfect
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Describe Stage I in Brown's Stages of Language Development.
- MLU: 1-2
- Age: 16-26 months
- Characteristics: Linear semantic rule
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Describe Stage II in Brown's Stages of Language Development.
- MLU: 2.0-2.5
- Age: 21-35 months
- Characteristics: Morphological development (-ing, plurals, etc all begin to show up)
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Describe Stage III in Brown's Stages of Language Development.
- MLU: 2.5-3
- Age: 24-41 months
- Characteristics: Sentence form development - negation and question
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Describe Stage IV in Brown's Stages of Language Development.
- MLU: 3-3.75
- Age: 28-45 months
- Characteristics: Embedding of sentence elements (prepositional phrases, dependent clauses)
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Describe Stage V in Brown's Stages of Language Development.
- MLU: 3.75-4.5
- Age: 37-52 months
- Characteristics: Conjoining of clauses
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Stage V+ of Brown's Stages of Language Development is just anything with an MLU over ____ and aged typically over _____.
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What are the 14 morphemes studied by Brown?
- Two prepositions (in, on)
- Two articles (a, the) - counted as one
- Noun inflections ('s, plural s)
- Verb inflections (-ing, 3rd person present regular/irregular, 3rd person past tense regular/irregular
- The verb BE (copula contractible/uncontractible, auxiliary contractible/uncontractible)
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Name the order of acquisition for Brown's 14 morphemes.
- present progressive (no auxiliary)
- in
- on
- regular plural s
- irregular past
- possessive 's
- uncontractible copula (verb to be as main verb)
- articles
- regular past -ed
- regular third person s
- irregular third person
- uncontractible auxiliary
- contractible copula
- contractible auxiliary
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What could be some explanations for the morphemes that show up first on Brown's list?
- Acoustically easier to hear - full syllables
- Concrete or ongoing activities, things you can see
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Acqusition of grammatical morphemes takes _____ and is not ________.
- a long time
- an all or nothing phenomenon
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The ______ is very similar across different children.
order of acquisition
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What are the two ways to look at morphological mastery?
- percent correct in obligatory contexts (Brown set mastery at 90% accuracy)
- productivity
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In the context of productivity, morphological mastery is knowing the rule and being able to apply it _____ and _____.
- consistently
- even in cases never heard before
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The Berko/Wug test tests mastery in ______.
productivity
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Sometimes errors may indicate ________.
productive rule use
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What is overregularization?
An overapplication of rules to irregular parts of the language. (foots, runned, wented)
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What is U-shaped development?
The child appears proficient in the use of a morpheme then gets worse (from overapplying the rule or missing the exceptions) and then improves again.
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Age of mastery in morphological development varies based on _____ and _____. What may be more stable than age?
- definition
- individual differences
- Order
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