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the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves
stage 1 sleep
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a sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles"
stage 2 sleep
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a sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep
stage 3 sleep
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the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stmulation
stage 4 sleep
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sleep occupying 20% of an adults sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; experience of dreaming
REM sleep
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Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
unconscious wish fulfillment
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according to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects
latent contents of dreams
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according to Freud, the apparent storyline of dreams
manifest content of dreams
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the theory that suggested that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep
dreams-for-survival theory
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Hobsom's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulatess memories stored in the brain
activation-synthesis theory
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biological process that occurs regularly on approx. 24 hr cycle
circadian rhythms
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fantasies that people construct while awake
daydreams
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a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
hypnosis
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a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness
meditation
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drugs that influence a persons emotions, perceptions, and behavior
psychoactive drugs
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drugs that produce biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irrresistable
addictive drugs
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drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension
stimulants
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drugs that slow down the nervous system
depressants
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drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety
narcotics
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a drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process
hallucinogen
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