LA exam 3

nutrition

• 3% of body wt
• not as much if high quality
• higher in Ca than P

• 0.5-1% of body wt
• cereal grains higher in P than Ca

• 6-8%
• energy
• race, endurance, cutting, and reining horse need high end

want Ca slightly higher than P

• bots
• all ages
• seasonal
• tx ivermectin

• ascarids
• young
• in stables
• tx ivermectin

• tapeworm (A. perfoliata)
• all ages

• strongyles
• seasonal
• tx ivermectin

• pinworms
• in stables
• tx ivermectin

• ivermectin- bots, ascarids, strongyles, pinworms
• moxydectin (Quest)- do not use in thin horse or minis- kills persistant strongyles

asymptomatic to mild

• severity inc with inc in age
• 4 stages- incubation, acute dz, convalescent stage, carrier stage

• incubation
• 21-45d
• asymptomatic

• acute dz
• >1% RBCs affected
• fever for a few days
• anorexia
• acute death
• lethargy
• tachycardia
• NO HEMOGLOBINURIA bc this is an extravascular hemolytic event

• convalescent stage
• 3-4 wks
• wt loss
• icterus
• ill thrift

• carrier stage
• for life
• asymptomatic

late summer/early fall bc flies

• dec PCV
• see organisms on blood smear (may not see in carrier)
• serology to detect carriers
• hyperbilirubinemia
• hyperbilirubinuria
• thin blood
• pale mm
• splenomegaly
• NO HEMOGLOBINURIA

• Dermacentor tick
• iatragenic
• blood feeding flies

tetracyclines

• chlortetracycline containing feed- this is not a tx dose, only prevents clinical signs
• control vectors

• cutaneous
• juvenile
• thymic
• hemal LN enlargement
• enzootic

only the enzootic form is associated with the bovine leukemia virus

• virus infects lymphocytes
• transmission of lymphs from one animal to another via blood, milk, and colostrum
• 0.48 heritability

• 70% infected will not display any clinical signs
• 25% infected will not have signs but will develop a persistent lymphocytosis
• 5% of 25% will develop solid tumors
• 2-5% will develop lymphosarcoma

• #1 tattooing, dehorning, castrating, contaminated needles
• #2 rectal palpation
• #3 colostrum

• gp-51 antigen
• organs affected- right atrium (distended jugular vein and tachypnea), abomasum (distended abdomen and melena), LN, uterus
• CBC norml unless lymphocytosis

• disinfect instruments
• change needles
• use clean rectal palpation gloves
• separate seroneg and seropos cows
• do not feed bulk milk and colostrum to calves

• test and slaughter
• test and segregation
• test and implementation of corrective management

• milk fever
• flaccid paralysis near parturition due to hypocalcemia cause by rapid onset of lactation

• 50% Ca ionized
• 1:1 or 2:1
• grains- P
• legumes- Ca
• inverse relationship btw Ca and P

• parathytroid hormone- low Ca leads to inc PTH
• vit D- allows Caa to be available
• calcitonin- high Ca inhibits PTH
• young have more Ca and P so no milk fever in first calf heifer

• grass tetany
• obtorator nerve damage
• trauma
• lymphoma
• low P/K
• myopathy

• high Ca diet during dry period bc suppressed PTH
• estrogens have antagonistic activity on PTH

• dairy breeds
• hereditary
• rare in first calf heifers
• 90% occur within 48hrs of calving
• high Ca diet in dry period will predispose

• prodromal- restlessness
• recumbent- head along side body, elevated HR thats hard to hear
• comatose- lateral recumbancy

no lesions

• Ca borogluconate slowly
• Ca dextrose
• HR slows, tremors appear, sweat on muzzle, defecation, eructation, get up

• good management during dry period
• low Ca
• DCAD makes diet more acidic so absorb more Ca
• inc Ca 48 hrs before calving
• avoid feeding poultry litter to beef cows

• grass tetany
• inadequate dietary Mg (usually with low Ca)
• tonic-clonic muscle spasms
• low Mg releases acetylcholine leading to tetany
• high K fertilizer will dec Ca and Mg in forage

• lactating beef cows
• older have higher risk
• thin cows higher risk

• sudden death
• "pasture angels"
• anorexia
• muscle tremors

• milk fever (cannot tell apart until later bc flaccid)
• rabies

• clinical signs
• dietary hx

• SQ Mg sulfate
• CMPK IV
• oral Mg oxide
• feed alfalfa

daily feeding of Mg salts

• lactating dairy cow
• inadequate carb intake
• ketone bodies
• due to high energy demand of early lactation
• hypoglycemia

• 1- lack energy in diet
• 2- anything that knocks off feed (displaced abomasum, metritis, mastitis)

• loss of appetite
• dec in milk prod
• sweet odor of breath
• look for underlying dz
• wt loss

• hypoglycemia
• elevated blood ketones
• ketonuria
• ketones in milk

• dec intake
• lack OA
• no oxidation of ACoA
• more ketone bodies
• dec intake
• cycle continues

• proprionate- supports gluconeogenesis
• acetate and butyrate- make ketone bodies

yellow, pale, friable liver with fatty changes

• tx underlying dz
• IV 50% glucose

• BCS 3.5/5 at calving
• lead feed dairy cows

• dairy cattle
• overfeeding during the dry period
• overconditioned at calving

• liver overwhelmed by excessive NEFA's
• stored in hepatocytes instead of released as VLDL's
• liver unable to carry out normal metabolic fxn
• formation of ketone badies
• ketosis

• rapid wt loss
• BCS>4 at calving then drop to 2.5
• depressed appetite

• hx
• clinical signs of ketosis

• prognosis is poor
• tx presenting or underlying dz
• IV glucose (same as ketosis)

• maitain proper BCS
• no free choice, high energy feeds during dry period

• sheep and goats
• hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia
• inadequate energy (hay) intake during late gestation

• energy deficit due to dec nutritional plane or dec in voluntary food intake
• fetus dec abdominal space leading to dec intake and inadequate glucose production

• ewe leaves flock
• anorexia
• depression
• blindness
• recumbency
• tremors

• prognosis grave if recumbent
• decide if want ewe or lamb
• early stage- feed grain bc high energy
• glucose
• induce parturition: goat-PG, sheep- Dex+PG

• prevent ewe/doe from becoming too fat
• inc plane of nutrition during last 1/3 of gestation

• occurs in pregnant cows on a marginal diet
• winter
• wt loss, weakness, inability to rise
• diet low in quality and quantity

• not ketotic
• demonstrating dec caloric intake

often unsuccessful

• Se- glutathione peroxidase- antioxidant- without then hydrogen peroxide accumulates- counteracts toxicity of metals
• vit E- antioxidant- prevents formation of hydrogen peroxide

• white muscle dz- death 2d after birth, pale streaks in muscle
• retained placenta
• ill thrift
• immune system deficits
• infertility
• abortions
• mulberry heart dz in pigs
• stiff lamb dz

• whole blood- Se
• plasma- vit E

• inj Se
• salt mix
• Se supplement to total ration

• young
• unthriftiness
• changes in hair color
• diarrhea
• lameness

• liver (most), brain, heart, kidney
• absorbed in SI
• as Mo goes up, Cu absorption goes down
• as sulfur goes up, Cu goes down

• transport via albumin to liver
• excreted in bile

• hematopoiesis
• hair pigmentation
• bone formation
• nervous tissue
• keratinization

• neonatal ataxia- swayback, lambs mostly
• anemia- nonreg
• achromotrichia- loss of black pigment
• impaired keratinization of wool and hooves
• painful jts
• diarrhea- adults

liver Cu concentrations

• Cu glycinate
• Sheep susceptible to Cu toxicity so be careful
• Cu sulfate in ffed- may be toxic in sheep

• salt trace mineral supplement
• Cu oxide needle bolus
• this is for cattle- be careful with sheep

• sheep most susceptible
• accidental feeding of Cu in horse or pig feed
• hemolytic crisis
• >10ppm Cu n diet
• low Mo, S, Zn

• Cu accumulates in liver
• when animal stressed Cu is mobilized
• hemolytic crisis

• hemoglobinuria
• anemia
• icterus

• penicillamine
• ammonium molybdate

• insufficienct quantity or quality of colostrum produced or consumed
• failure to absorb colostrum

• hormonal (IgG) and cellular (lymphs)
• graetest IgG at parturition
• loses quality even if not milked out

• parity- heifers have less
• breed- dairy has more but poorer quality
• poor nutrition

• breed- dairy has more but pooer quantity
• leakage or preparturient milking

• poor calf vigor
• poor udder confirmation
• poor footing

• corticosteroids
• stress- dystocia
• resp acidosis

• performed on serum in first 48 hrs of life
• refractometry (best)- measure TP- <5g/dl is FPT
• single radial immunodiffusion (SRID)- gold standard- expensive and slow
• sodium sulfite precipitation test- serum mix with sodium sulfite and pos test is lack of turbidity
• serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)- inc following colostrum absorption

• less than 24hr- colostrum
• otherwise- serum transfusion
• may not need anything

• dairy calves get 3-4 L colostrum ASAP
• do no t pool colostrum
• use first milking colostrum only
• beef calves should nurse within 2hrs
• give 1-2L beef colostrum or 1 gallon dairy colostrum if delivered by fetal extraction or c-section (don't wait to see if will suck)

life threathening and often fatal systemic dz caused by presence of bacteria/toxins in bloodstream of calves

• FPT
• exposure to e. coli, a. pyogens, salmonella

• fever
• depression
• anorexia
• hypopyon
• seizures
• may have diarrhea in dairy calves

• Ab- ceftiofur
• NSAIDs
• glucose

• lumpy jaw
• A. bovis
• gram + anaerobe
• normal flora of upper resp tract
• infection secondary to mucosal wound
• painless osteomyelitis of mandible or maxilla

• hard non-movable swelling on mandible or maxilla
• dx based on hx of slow growing mass
• rads
• biopsy

• salvage
• NaI 3x 7-10 days apart
• long acting oxytetracycline
• ddx- tooth abscess, healing fx, soft tissue abscess, neoplasia

• wooden tongue
• A. lignieresii
• gram - aerobic
• normal flora of upper resp tract
• mucosa penetrated for infection
• granulomatous

• swelling of tongue- hard and painful
• masses in buccal or cervical area

• palpation of base of tongue
• culture of lesion or exudate

• NaI at 3x 7-20 days apart
• long acting oxytetracycline
• tx works better than actinomycosis
• ddx- actinomycosis, abscess, oral FB, impacted cud

• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
• survive in soil
• transmit via break in skin
• moves thru LNs
• intracellular
• abscess
• life long infection in small rum

• enlarged LNs with pus
• resp signs if internal LNs
• culture of organism

• decide on strategy for herd
• lance and live with it- will return
• minimize spread- sx removal, tulathromycin
• eradication- cull

• 70-90% seropos
• transmit via contact or aerosol
• can become PI
• cytopathic vs non-cytopathic
• most infections are subclinical

• NCP
• immunocompetent cattle that are naive
• clinically inapparent to rapidly fatal
• mortality high

• NCP
• early- abortion
• <125d- PI

• NCP+CP
• blunt buccal papillae
• interdigital lesions
• linear striations in esophagous
• BVD recognized as self since inf in utero
• weak calf born- seroneg
• NCP converts to CP

• PCR
• ELISA
• ICH
• virus isolation
• PI demonstrated by 2 pos tests 3-4wks apart

• killed- requires 2 primary inj, short lived immunity
• modified live- longer lasting, can cause clinical dz

• beans abundant and other feedstuff in short supply
• clinical signs months after ingestion

• profuse salivation, chewing, regurge'tongue protrusion bc loss of jaw muscle tone (CN V)
• wt loss

• slow recovery
• often unsuccessful
• prognosis better in goats

• fluid
• feces
• flatus
• fetus
• fat

• grain overload
• acute acidosis
• highly fermentable feedstuffs- corn, milo, apples, honey
• when unaccustomed to high carb diet
• dairy have become accustomed

• strep bovis inc and produce lactic acid
• pH falls- gram neg and protozoa die
• S. bovis inhibited and lactobacilli proliferate
• rumen motility dec

• anorexia
• depression
• ab distension- bloat, splashy rumen
• dehydration
• rumen atony

• rumen pH <5.5
• rumen fluid smells sour
• gram stain reveals gram + rods

• Mild acidosis:
• oral antacids- Mg hydroxide (alkalinize)
• remove grain, feed hay
• Mod acidosis:
• rumen lavage via stomach tube
• plus above tx
• Severe acidosis:
• rumenotomy
• IV fluids- not lactated
• Penicillin
• transfaunation- rumen contents from one to another

• feedlot cattle
• anorexia
• bloat
• low milk fat test in dairy
• ration analysis
• tx- buffers- NaHCO3

• legumes- alfalfa
• cannot eructate bc of foam
• not a problem of too much gas or rumen motility
• ab distension in left paralumbar fossa
• resp distress
• tx- poloxalene- antisurfactant

• motility disorder
• show/feedlot cattle
• following pneumonia- young
• ruminitis- older
• ab distension in left parlumbar fossa
• relieved when stomach tube passed
• tx- reduce grain, add NaHCO3, transfaunation

• stress induced + high grain
• can be caused by lymphosarcoma
• 4 types

• non-perforating
• few clincial signs

• bleeding ulcer
• anemai
• weakness
• pale mucous membranes
• melena
• rarely perforate

• perforating ulcer
• localized peritonitis
• rarely bleed
• adhesions
• fever

• perforating ulcer
• diffuse peritonitis
• abdominal ccontamination
• spetic shock in 24hrs

bleeding ulcer (type II) in older cattle

• fecal occult blood
• clinical signs and hx
• abdominocentesis
• serology to rule out BLV
• necropsy

• salvage
• high roughage
• remove stress
• tx concurrent dz
• transfusion
• fluids

• 1-2mth old calves on heavier milking cows
• perforating with peritonitis
• Clostridium perferingens A&E
• Canadian theory- undifferentiated abomasal upset
• Cu deficiency
• BVDV
• Sarcina
• sudden death

• hardware dz
• foreign object swallowed and penetrates reticulum
• local peritonitis usually
• penetrate diaphragm, pericardium, liver, spleen
• abscesses and adhesions

• acute drop in milk prod and feed intake
• rumen stasis
• abdominal pain
• arched back
• elbows out, reluctant to move

• hyperfibrinogenemia
• hyperglobulinemia if chronic

• hx
• signs
• ultrasound
• abdomenocentesis
• rads

• rumen magnet
• Ab- penicillin, oxytet, ceftiofur
• rumenotomy
• rib resection and pericardiectomy

LDA

• spiral colon
• rectum
• RDA
• AV
• small intestine

• dairy cows
• within one mth parturition
• dec milk prod
• high conc diet

• not emergency
• looks like RDA
• ping from 8-9th rib to PLF

• emergency bc can become abomasal volvulus
• looks like LDA
• ping from 8-9th rib to PLF

• hypokalemia
• hypochloridemia
• alkalosis
• ketonuria
• ketonemia

rolling

• only LDA
• dorsal recumbency
• trochar inserted and then toggle pins
• for mariginal cows

• LDA or RDA
• dorsal recumbency
• abomasum sutured in place as incision closed

• LDA or RDA
• standing procedure
• omentum near pylorus is sutured into incision

• LDA only
• standing
• long tailed sutures placed in abomasum and then through the body wall and tied

• drop in appetite and milk prod
• dairy cows
• depression
• dehydration
• palpable per rectum
• ping in right side
• hypochloridemia
• alkalosis
• hypokalemia
• emergency slaughter
• paramedian abomasopexy
• right paralumbar abomasopexy
• omentopexy
• fluid therapy

• rotavirus
• coronavirus
• ETEC- <2wk
• Crypto- zoonotic, >2wk
• Salmonella- typhimurium and dublin

• cause neonatal diarrhea <2wks
• heat stable enterotoxin- ST
• attach to pilus- K99
• secretory diarrhea- no morphologic damage

• causes neonatal diarrhea
• R- proximal SI
• C- distal SI
• destroy villus tips and sides
• malabsorption

• causes neonatal diarrhea
• malabsorption and secretory
• villus blunting
• 10d-3wks
• hypoglycemia

• cause neonatal diarrhea
• >2wk
• malabsorption and secretory

• profuse watery yellow to whitish diarrhea with no blood or mucus
• except salmonella- bloody foul smelling diarrhea with mucus strands

• dehydration
• acidosis- lactic acid build up, dec acid excretion, production of VFAs
• hyperkalemia- plasma K rises bc total body K dec due to loss in stool and urine
• hypoglycemia

• fluids
• Ab if concurrent septicemia/other dz
• neomycin, tetracyclin, ampicillin cause more malabsorption
• ceftiofur (gram neg)
• anticholinergics CI
• keep calves on milk
• do not mix electrolytes and milk
• do no mix milk and biocarbonate

• paratuberculosis
• acid fast rod
• dairy cows
• fecal-oral, colostrum, in utero
• infected early in life but no signs until 2-5yrs
• older cattle need a bigger dose

• ingestion
• organisms in M cells of gut
• granulomatous enteritis of the ileum
• thickened intestines
• malabsorption, maldigestion, protein losing enteropathy

• chronic diarrhea
• wt loss
• good appetite

• ELISA- 99% specific
• culture feces- definitive dx
• PCR- quick
• necropsy
• there is no sure way to prove that a living cow is free of infection

• no cure
• feeding monensin is extra label use- still shed organisms

• prevent contact of susceptible young calves with infected feces
• vacc not legal in Texas bc cross rxn with TB