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Synapomorphy
- -shared derived traits between lineages
- -all synapomorphies are homologous but not all homologies are synapomorphies
ex. Mitochondria is a synapomorphy for all eukarya but not for humans/chimps
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Universal Homology
- -Genetic code (DNA, RNA, ribosomes, transcription/translation, proteins)
- -metabolic pathways
- -membrane
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Convergent evolution
- -Same trait in different group but it's not due to common ancestry
- ex. crocodile and hippopotamus have eyes on top of their head
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