Geography

is a repetitive act that a particular individual performs, such as dressing

is a repetitive act of a group, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of a group

Center of innovation. (starting area) where is originated

• Traditional, small groups living in rural areas. spreads slowly through people. Through migration

found in large, societies that share certain habits. spreads rapidly through networks. through electronics

attemps to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely based on physical characteristics of a particular location

existence of only 1 god

existence of many gods

a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

a large and fundamental division within a branch of religion

a division within a branch of a religion

a relatively small denominational group that has broken away from an established church

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Hinduism, Judaism, All Animistic Religions

catholicism, protestantism, eastern orthodox

• Large branch headed by pope
• 7 sacrements (very traditional)
• baptism, marriage, communion, Saints
• hierarchical

90%

• reformation era
• no pope needed (no hierarchy)
• Grace through forgiveness (instead of sacraments)
• Spread through N Europe and England

• 5th century split
• rivalry between pope and patriarch of constintinople
• Rejected roman catholicism doctrine (1054)
• National churches, Russian, greek

• Mecca, Muhammad (profit)
• Universalizing

• Sunni (majority)
• Shiite

• submission to the will of God (allah)
• Holy book Koran (Qu'ran) built on old test
• Five pillars

• Creed "there is no god but Allah"
• Pray 5 times facing mecca
• give to the poor
• Moorish of Rammadan
• Pilgrimage to mecca

Ethnic Religion (origin of christianity)

• One God
• torah (5 chap. of Bible)
• prophesy of Moses
• Messiah yet to come
• sacrifices

Romans forced Jews to disperse throughout the world

Neighborhood in city only inhabited by Jews

• Unknown
• Exclusive to India
• not widely diffused
• Ancient scriptures (no Authority)
• Brahman - One God

• Brahman (manifestations)
• Vishnu
• Shiva
• Shakti
• Reincarnation
• Law of Karma

The class or distinct hereditary order in to which a hindu is assigned according to religious law

Confucianism, taoism, and shintosim

• moral code
• educate, respect
• Goodwill towards others
• love from family members

• "The Path"
• philosophy of harmony and balance
• yin Yang

Japanese traditional religion

• Siddhartha, Quatama
• Universalizing

Theravada, Mahayana, and Tantrayana

• Life involves suffering
• suffering is caused by desire (leads to reincarnation)
• extinguish suffering
• Nirvana reached through 8 fold path

location and organization of the earth's surface into a collection of political units. (Units may be international and national)

an organized independent political unit (synonymous with country)

a group of people with a commonality (ancestry, race, religion)

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation90% or greater

• Ancient City-States - Mesoptamia
• Empires -controlled vast areas through efficient networks, strong military, organized government
• Kingdoms - king of vast estates; European countries today from this evolution
• Colonies - extension of kingdom (missionaries, resources, indication of power)

absolute control of an inhabited areas for power & resources

• Spain & Portugal conquered New World
• England (United Kingdom) - attained a colonial empire that circled the globe"empire where the sun never set"
• France - colonized nearby lands Others - Germany, Belgium, Dutch, US

• most of the power is in the hands of one central government
• (France controls all subregions (regions and departements)today is decentralizing)

• a strong central government but local authority with autonomy is given to regional governments
• United States of America

• Fragmented
• Prorupted
• Compact
• Elongated
• Perforated

• a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. islands
• more difficult to govern because of isolation
• (empowered by water)
• Problematic

• an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
• access or disruption
• _{can benefit if the proruption leads to a resource, access point or as buffer}

• a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
• efficient and easy to run is capital is place near center

• a state with a long, narrow shape
• harder to manage because of possibility of long distances from the capital; poor communication
• potential isolation

• a state that is completely surrounds another one
• somewhat hard to govern because two states must be agreeable to each otherusually landlocked and dependent on outer state to support it
• South Africa

• Landlocked States - lack access to ocean or major transportation corridors
• Frontier - a zone of separation between two states in which neither state exercises political control; few areas left; Antarctica & Arabia

• Mountains
• deserts
• Rivers
• Oceans

• Geometric Lines
• -California (40 parallel to lake to 35th and colorado R)
• walls and fences- east and west Berlin
• neutral zones-north and south korea

• few exactly divided
• Britains Splitting of India

Britain, france , germany

• multi polar world
• old model-US vs USSR
• new model- Japan China, Korea, India

• 1947-50
• 1994-180
• 1998-190

• Ethiopia was given control of Eritrea after WW11
• Banned use of flag and language

• Conflict over minority and majority tribes
• (tutsi (min) and Hutus)
• 800000 slaughtered
• massive migration

• Opression of Tamils civil rights including citizenship
• Tamil Hindus -north
• Sinhalese Buddhist- south

• ancestral homeland of many ethnic grouped (jews, christians, Muslims)
• allowed little civil rights for palestinians

• Ideological war between chinas communism and western capitalism
• seperated by guarded Demilitarization Zone (DMZ)

• Britain divided country into 3 parts
• race to the other side in short time
• india, West Pakistan and East Pakistan

• Example of ancient nation without state
• Straddles Iran, iraq, Turkey and Syria
• now refugees

• Forced unity with different religous and languages after WW1
• Ethnic cleansing( Nazi style genocide of ethnic groups)

• Russian conflict with ethnic muslims (imp for natural resources)
• hardline stance to prevent other break away republic in the caucasus.

• Divided between turks in the north and Greeks in the south
• Both ethnic groups have close proximity to mainland countries
• turkish independent not rec world wide

• taliban- soldiers now control gov
• Radical fundamentalist:
• no rights for women

• Great ethnis/ religious diversity
• Flood of Palestinian refugees
• Formations of radical groups, like PLO

• Muslim seeking independence from serbia
• NATOs final stand agains brutal genocide