Micro exam 2

is chemicals or radiation that can increase the frequncy of mutations (at least 1,000 fold)

is a mother cell replicating DNA and then giving it to the daughter cell

Is genes transferring from one cell to another (3 different types)

when one base pair is changed (also called a point mutation)

is when a random nucleotide is added into the nucleic acis so this causes a base shift since it throughs off the 3 codon protein producing

is when one nucleotide is taken away from the DNA/nucleic acid causing a base shift which really messes up the 3 codons

when a new nucleiotide is put in that was a mutation but it still codes for the same amino acid so nothing changes even though there was a mutation

When the mutation codes for a different amino acid then was origanlly supposed to be coded. can lead to badness

when the new mutation codes for a stop codon so that the original amino acid isn't produced nor is any amino acids after it. this does lead to badness

is a drastic nonsense mutation. It stops the production of the protein before it can even get started so nothing is made

makes all the 20 essential amino acids without enviromental help

it can't make one or more of the 20 essential amino acids so it has to get the amino acid from the enviroment to be able to survive

adds alkyl groups (CH3 and others) to the nitrogenous bases such as guanine which creates a base substatution.

incorporates in place of normal nucleotide in DNA which results in a base

inserts between base pairs in either the template or the new strand resulting in an addition or deletion of the base pairs

single and double strand break in DNA resulting in deletion of bases

intrastrand thymine dimer formation resulting in base substatution resulting in base substatution.

If you don;t have them then you easily sunburn get them from the notes when you get your laptop back :(

Only bacteria can do this but it's when visible light activates enzymes to break down thymine dimers that the Uv light created

When the bacteria is super damaged it releases a enzyme that activates this SOS repair system which starts polymerase V (umuD gene is the gene that produces the poly 5, RecA protein is the protein that was released from the damaged DNA which turns off the LExA protein that is the restriction protein in the umuD gene) to fill in the blanks that poly 3 couldn't do because of the thymine dimers. The 5 just goes in and fills in so lots of mistakes and doesn't proofread so lots of mutations but better then a whole bunch of deletions

is when a single DNA is just floating around and gets incorporated into a living cells DNA (this the mice and getting sick)

When a virus infects a bacterial cell and incorporates it's viral DNA into the host cells DNA

When a cell with a sex pili (f Factor) transfers it's plasmid DNA into a cell that doesnt have the F factor

came to the conclusion that bacteria preform transformation with his experiment with mice. Only encapsulated living bacteria can kill the mice, so if you mix dead encapsulated bacteria with living unencapsulated bacteria you will get a killer encapsulated bacteria (because through transformation the living unencap. cells pick up the DNA from the dead encap. cells and the living cells become encapsulted and deadly)

• It means that the recieving cell is in a specific physiological state that allows DNA to enter a cell (transformation).
• Some species are always competent
• some become competent because of special enviromental conditions (like when there's certain nutrients in the envirment or when the population reaches a critical density)

a electical current is applied to a bacterial cell that isn't competent so that becomes competent and can take up other DNA

a molecule of DNA is used to construct a molecule of mRNA (needs RNA polymerase)

a molecule of mRNA is used to construct a protein molecule

A molecule of DNA is used to construct a molecule of identical DNA (needs DNA polymerase)

during transcription is helps the RNA where to bind to on the DNA

Same code in every cell , it's between the promoter and the gene

A protein that binds to RNA polymerase (transcription) and helps the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region (found in prokaryotic cells only). There are different sigma factors none are identical so that it only binds to just the right RNA polymerase so that the right protein is made

The only type the eukarytocs do, it's only on gene for one protein with one promoter and one terminator

A group of genes that share the same promoter and terminator (creates polysistronic mRNA) Only found in prokarytoes

are added to mRNA of eukaryotic cells only

are added to mRNA of eukaryotic cells only

are found in the mRNA or eukaryotic cells only

mRNA so that the ribsome knows when to start to assemble amino acids

mRNA they help get the ribosome binded to the mRNA so they can start producing amino acids

mRNA to break off te covalent bonds between the mRNA and the ribosome so that they can break off and stop making amino acids

Attacks bacterial cells it has a tail region that injects or poops the nucleic acid into the cell

attacks animals cells, it has a capsid protein coat but it might also have a matrix protein and or a envelope made of phospholids (from budding)

has both a start codon (AUG) and a ribosome binding sight (AGGAGG) it can make a protein right away off of it.

• Can't code for a protein right away you have to make a complemetary peice of RNA which will then be sense RNA (+) and that can be read for proteins.
• (this is what HIV has that's why it is a retrovirus)

Doesn't have AGGAGG or AUG but if you make a RNA from it you get sense RNA

has AGGAGG and AUG but you can't make a protein of it sense only RNA can do that. you would have to make a complement of this DNA which give you a antisense DNA and then from there make a RNA that would then give you a sense RNA.

It's when a productive bacteriophage assembles all the new viruses into the membrane of the bacterial host cell and they live from there not killing the bacterial host cell in the process.

For a productive bacteriophage it's the first 2 genes that need to made right after the nucleic acid is injected. They are nuclease which breaks down the host cells chromosomal DNA and then the polymerase gene needs to create polyemerase so that it can start replicating the viral nucleic acid right away.

the name of the virus when its in lysogen and it's kjust a latent infection

is a virus that causes a latent infection

the name of the infected bacterial host cell that has the prophage

when a animal virus binds to a receptor and it has the right bond to bind to it, it tricks the animal cell into thinkning it's food and it gets opposite of enveloped in.

when a enveloped animal cell binds on to the membrane of the animal cell then fuses with membrane and plops in and decoats

When a animal cell leaves a cell and takes part of it's membrane (giving the virus a envelope) and not killing the animal cell host.

doesn't go into the host cells DNA but when it's latent hangs out in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell, when stress like sunburn or menstration stress it out it leaves and has a productive infection with epithelial cells

a bacterial cell produces it so that it can cut up viral DNa before it can get into the host cells DNA. It knows the difference between the viral DNA and the own DNA by the presences of methyl groups (CH3) on the DNA