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Define Nutrition:
- The study of food including:
- How food nourishes our bodies
- How food influences our health
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Why is it important?
- Healthful diet can prevent disease
- Nutrient deficiency diseases:
- Scurvy, goiter, rickets, anemia
- Chronic diseases influenced by nutrition:
- heart disease, cancer and diabetes
- Diseases in which nutrition play a role:
- osteoporosis
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Essential nutrients (examples)
- Nutrients for which specific biological functions have been identified, and which our bodies cannot make enough of to meet our biological needs.
- Ex: Vitamin K (made from bacteria) Vitamin D
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Nonessential nutrients (examples)
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Macronutrients (example)
- Nutrients required in relatively large amounts:
- Ex: Provide energy to our bodies
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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Micronutrients (example)
- Nutrients required in smaller amounts:
- Ex: Vitamins and minerals
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Define Organic
- Nutrients contain an element of carbon that is an essential component of all living organisms:
- Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins
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What is the unit of energy used in nutrition?
kilocalories (kcal)
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How was that unit determined?
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g or water by 1degree C
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How much energy do we get (per gram) from each of the macronutrients?
- Carbs: 4 kcal per gram
- Lipids: 9 kcal per gram
- Proteins: 4 kcal per gram
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List some food sources for the major macronutrients.
- Carbs: grains, wheat, rice, vegetables, fruits, legumes, lentils, beans, peas, milk products.
- Lipids: butter, margarine, oils
- Proteins: meats, dairy products, seeds, nuts and legumes.
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What are some functions of proteins, aside from energy?
- Building cells and tissues
- maintaining bones
- repairing damage
- regulating metabolism
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What types of disorders can result from the two vitamin classes: Fat soluble and water soluble?
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Name some funtions of water in our bodies.
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What four values help to determine our dietary reference intake (DRI)?
- 1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- 2. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
- 3. Adequate Intake (AI)
- 4. Tolderable Upper-Intake Level (UL)
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Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- The average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the healthy people in a particular category
- Used to determine the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of a nutrient
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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
The average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of healthy people in a particular category.
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Adequate Intake (AI)
- Recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient.
- Based on observations and experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intakes by healthy people.
- Used when the RDA is not yet established:
- Calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Flouride
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Tolderable Upper Intake Level (UL)
- Highest average daily intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to most people.
- Consumption of a nutrient at levels above the UL, the potential for toxic effects and health risks increases.
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Primary deficiencies.
Occurs when a person does not consume enough of a nutrient, a direct consequence of inadequate intake.
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Secondary deficiencies
- Occurs when:
- -a person cannot absorb enough of a nutrient in his or her body
- -too much nutrient is excreted from the body
- -a nutrient is not utilized efficiently by the body
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Describe the three types of deficiency symptoms discussed in class.
- Subclinical deficiency: occurs in the early stages, few or no symptoms are observed
- Covert: symptoms are hidden and require laboratory tests or other invasive procedures to detect
- Overt: symptoms of nutrition deficienty that becomes obvious
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What does a "healthful diet" consist of?
- Provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients.
- -Adequate
- -Moderate
- -Balanced
- -Varied
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What are some recommendations, both nutrition and physical activity-related?
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Name the major food groups and the relative proportions of overall kcalories that should come from each.
- 1. Grains
- 2. Vegetables
- 3. Fruits
- 4. Oils
- 5. Milk
- 6. Meat
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Describe how the food guide pyramid is used in diet planning.
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Name some limitations of using the pyramid.
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Give an example of a diet plan for someone trying to treat various nutrition-related disorders (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc.)
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Define Appetite
- Psychological desire to consume specific foods.
- aroused by environmental cues
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Define Hunger
- Physilogical drive for food.
- Nonspecific
- Can be satisfied by a variety of different foods
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What is the control center on the brain for hunger?
- Hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger or satiation (fullness)
- -Integrates signals from nerve cells in other body regions and from chemcial messengers
- -special cells lining the stomach and small intestine send signals to the brain to indicate if they are full or empty
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Name the major organs of digestion.
Mouth, teeth, tounge, salivary glands, esophagus, Stomach, Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, Large and Small Intestine, rectum, anus
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Which are accessory organs?
Gallbaldder, Pancreas, Liver, Salivary glands
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What is the cephalic stage of digestion?
- Hunger and appetite work together to prepare the GI tract for digestion
- First thought of food (nervous system) stimulates the release of digestive juices
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Where does digestion and absorption of the major macronutrients take place?
Small intestine
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Where does the absorption of water happen?
Large intestine
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Name an enzyme that digests each macronutrient
- Salivary amylase=Carbs
- Pepsin=Proteins
- Gastric Lipase=Lipids
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What is the function of bile?
- A greenish fluid produced by the liver.
- It emulsifies the lipids:
- Lipids are dispersed into smaller globules and become more accessible to digestive enzymes.
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Where is it bile stored?
Gallbladder
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What is the storage form of carbohydrates in plants vs. animals?
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Which hormones are involved in blood glucose metabolism?
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Define GERD
- Painful, persistent heartburn.
- Causes include: Hiatial hernia, Cigarette smoking or alcohol use, being overweight, pregnancy, chocolate, citrus, spicy or fried foods, larg high-fat meal, lying down soon after a meal.
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How do bateria play a role in digestion?
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Name a bacterium responsible for a digestive disorder.
Helicobacter pylori plays a key role in development of both gastric and duodenal ulcers
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What micronutrient do they produce and where do they make it?
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What types of lipids do we use for energy?
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Saturated fats (example)
- Solids at room temp with hydrogen
- Ex: Butter
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Unsaturated fats (examples)
- Not all carbons have hydrogens liquid at room temperature.
- Ex: oils
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Name a disease associated with an overabundance of sugar in the diet?
Diabetes
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Name a disease associated with an overabundance of saturated fat in the diet.
Heart Disease
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