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How many pounds are in a kilogram?
2.2 pounds
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How many centimeters in an inch?
2.5
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How many liters in a gallon?
4
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How many kilometers in a mile?
1.6
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What is the idea of continental drift?
All continents were once a supercontinent but they broke apart into smaller continents that then drifted apart
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What is the lithosphere?
strong rigid layer along the upper mantle
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What are the 7 lithospheric plates?
- 1. North American
- 2. South American
- 3. Pacific
- 4. African
- 5. Eurasian
- 6. Australian-Indian
- 7. Antarctic
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What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
- 1. Divergent
- 2. Convergent
- 3. Transform Fault
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What are Divergent Plate Boundaries?
Two plates move apart
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What are Convergent Boundaries?
Two plates move together
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What are Transform Fault Boundaries?
Two plates grind past each other
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What are subduction zones?
Convergent Boundaries
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How thick are plates?
Anywhere from a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers
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What is a stratovolcano?
- Large nearly symmetrical structure
- Mostly located along the ring of fire
- Gas-Rich Magma, Andesite Compound
- thick Viscousity, don't travel far
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What is a cinder cone?
- Composed mostly of loose pyroclastic material
- Steep
- Produced by single short lived erupotion
- Usually Small
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What are shield volcanoes?
- Produced by accumulation of fluid basaltic laval
- domed structure
- Begin on Ocean Floor, make islands
- Basalt
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Name some shield volcanoes...
- Hawaiian Islands
- Canary Islands
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What is a hot spot?
- An area of volcanism
- high heat flow and crustal uplifting
- few hundred kilometers
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Name 5 Stratovolcanoes...
- 1. Mount St. Helens
- 2. Mount Shasta
- 3. Mount Garibaldi
- 4. Mount Etna
- 5. Mount Stromboli
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What is pyroclastic material?
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What is a caldera?
Large depression with diameters that exceed 1 kilometer and are somewhat circular
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How is a caldera formed?
- 1. The collapse of the summit of a large composite volcano with silica-rich pumice and ash
- 2. The collapse of a shield volcano
- 3. The collapse of a large area
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Describe Slate
- Very Fine Grained
- Excellent Cleavage
- Low-Grade metamorphism of shale, mudstone, or siltstone
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Desrcibe Phyllite
- Fine Grained
- Breaks Wavy
- From Shale, mudstone, or silt
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Describe Schist
- Medium to coarse grain
- include muscovite/biotite, quartz/feldspar
- Parent= shale, mudstone, siltstone
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Describe Gneiss
- Medium to Coarse Gain
- Quartz, feldspar
- Parent = Shale, granite, volcanic rocks
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What is Contact Metamorphism?
Occurs when rocks immediately surrounding the molten igneous body are baked and change state
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What is Regional Metamorphism?
Large segments of earth's crust are intensely deformed along a convergent plate boundary
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What is a Kyanite?
Silicate Mineral
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What rock has the highest grade of metamorphism? the lowest?
- High = Fault Breccia
- Low = Slate
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What is metamorphic facies?
implies that the rock was formed in a very simple metamorphic environment
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What do greenschist facies consist of?
- chlorite
- epidote
- serpentine
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What do blueschiest facies consist of?
- amphibole (glaucophane)
- high pressure, low temp
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What is eclogite?
high temp high pressure
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What are the 2 types of seismic waves?
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What is an S-Wave?
- "Shake" particals at right angles
- Change the shape of the material
- Slower then P-Waves (arrive 2nd)
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What are P-Waves?
- "Push-Pull" rocks momentarily in direction they are travelling
- Can travel through all material
- 1st to arrive!
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What is the Focus?
The origin of the earthquake
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What is the epicenter?
The point at the surface directly above the focus
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What is a seismograph? seismogram?
- A seismograph is the instrument finding the info
- A seismogram is the information
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What is the difference in energy released from magnitude 1 and 2? Height?
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What is elastic deformation?
recoverable changes
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What is Brittle Deformation?
Rocks that break into small pieces (don't bend)
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What is the largest Earthquake recorded?
9.5 in South Chile, 1960
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What kind of fault is the San Andreas?
Fault Creep, plates gradually slide past each other
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What four factors determin the damage done by earthquakes?
- 1. The intensity
- 2. The Duration
- 3. The material the buildings are made on
- 4. The material the buildings are made of.
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What is an Anticline?
upfolding/arching of layers
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What is a syncline?
downfolds
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At what depth would we find the base of the crust?
7-70 km
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At what depths would we find the base of the lithosphere?
410 km
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At what depths would you find the base of the asthenosphere?
660 km
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At what depth would you find the top of the outer core?
3000 km
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At what depth would you find the top of the inner core?
5000 km
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What is the outer core made of?
- liquid
- sulfur, oxygen, silicon, and hydrogen
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