353 Endocrine disorders

- excess secretion of growth hormone

-Decrease in one or more of: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolacitin from anterior pituirtary or posterior pituitary ADH and oxytocin

-Results from an overproducion or oversecretion of ADH. Common cause lung cancer. Need to restore normal fluid volume

• -Deficiency of production or secretion of ADH or decreased renal response to ADH.
• -Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
• -Characterized by polydipsia and polyuria

• -Central DI (Neurogenic DI): organic lesion in brain that interferes with ADH release or transport
• -Nephrogenic DI: adequate ADH, but decreased kidney response
• -Psychogenic DI: excessive water intake caused by lesion or by psychosis

• -Thyroid gland hypertrophy and enlargement caused by excess TSH stimulation
• -also found in Graves' disease

-Palpable deformity of thyroid gland, benign or malignant

• -Infammation of thyroid gland
• -Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)

• -Thyroid glad hyperactivity with sustained increase and release of thyroid hormone
• -Graves' disease
• -High circulating levels of T4, T3, or both

• -Autoimmune disease marked by diffuse thyroid enlargement and excessive thyroid hormone secretion
• -Classic finding is exophthalmos

• -AKA thyroid stome, acute, rare condition in which all hyperthyroid manifestations are heightened
• -Severe tachycardia, shock, hyperthermia, seizures, abdomnial pain, diarrhea, delirium and coma

• -Most common medical disorder, insufficient circulating thyroid hormone
• -Iodine deficiency is most common
• -Myxedema
• -Restore balances with hormone replacement therapy

• -Involves increased secretion of PTH
• -leads to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
• -Weakness, loss of appetite, constipation, emotinal disorders, shortened attention span
• -Major signs:Osteoporosis, fractures, and kidney stones

• -Rare, results from inadequate circulating PTH
• -Hypocalcemia
• -Most common cause if iatrogenic
• -causes tetany, positive chvostek and trousseau sign

• -Spectrum of clinical abnormalities caued by excessive corticosteroids, mostly glucocorticords
• -Common cause iatrogenic admin of steroids
• -Key signs: centripedal obesity, moon facies, purplish red striae, hirsutism in women, hypertension , unexplained hypokalemia
• -Treatment depends on underlying cause

• -All three classes of adrenal corticosteriods are reduced
• -Etiology is mostly autoimmune
• -Skin hyperpigmentation
• -Hormone replacement-hydrocortisone (gluco and mineral), increase (gluco) during times of stress

• -Patients with Addison's disease are at risk for acute adrenal insufficiency, life threatening
• -Triggered by stress

• -Characterized by excessive aldosterone secretion caused by small solitary adrenocortical adenoma
• -Main effects are sodium retention and potassium and hyrdrogen ion excretion
• -Key sign: Hypertension

• -Rare condition, adrenal medulla tumor that produces excessive catecholamines (E and NE)
• -May lead to diabetes mellitus, cardiomopathy and death
• -Manifestations: hypertension with classic triad of severe headache, tachycardia with palpitations and profuse sweating, and unexplained abdominal pain or chest pain
• -Treatment: remove tumor